小马学生工作处 2008-4-17 12:15
戴云写作讲义
[b][size=5][font=宋体]写作训练方法[/font][/size][/b]b2d+b'c!o
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[size=5][b][font=Times New Roman]1[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]－[/font][font=Times New Roman]5[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]篇[/font][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/b][b][font=宋体]不限时写作[/font][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/b][b][font=宋体]结构完整[/font][font=Times New Roman] 300[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]字以上[/font][/b][/size]
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[size=5][b][font=Times New Roman]6[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]－[/font][font=Times New Roman]10[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]篇[/font][font=Times New Roman] 1[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]小时[/font][font=Times New Roman] 350[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]字以上[/font][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/b][b][font=宋体]结构完整[/font][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/b][/size]j6[:{&el,z.[
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[size=5][b][font=宋体]要求：检查语法、拼写错误[/font][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/b][b][font=宋体]跑题、表达不清问题[/font][/b][/size]
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[size=5][b][font=Times New Roman]11[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]－[/font][font=Times New Roman]20[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]篇[/font][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/b][b][font=宋体]半小时[/font][font=Times New Roman] 400[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]字以上[/font][/b][/size] X"Y {3E.E
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[size=5][b][font=宋体]要求：检查语法、拼写错误[/font][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/b][b][font=宋体]跑题、表达不清问题[/font][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/b][b][font=宋体]润饰文章[/font][/b][/size]
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[size=5][b][font=宋体]理由不能太具体[/font][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/b][b][font=宋体]否则不容易展开[/font][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/b][b][font=宋体]要擅于利用“万金由”[/font][/b][/size]
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[b][size=5][font=宋体]各个理由的关系，必须是并列关系，排列顺序由段落长短来决定。[/font][/size][/b]W0Rt5F
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[size=5][b][color=red][font=宋体]开头[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman]1 [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]背景＋论题＋各方观点的理由＋作者论点和理由[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/b][/size]
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[b][size=5][color=red][font=宋体]背景＋论题＋反方观点＋（反方理由）＋过渡＋作者观点＋作者理由[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/size][/b]^6e g*p h/}B gE;P.}
[font=宋体][size=5]开头段写理由的好处[/size][/font]CH0Tp/OD
[font=宋体][size=5]怎样写背景：[/size][/font]
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[font=宋体][size=5]提出一种普遍的或值得关注的现象（紧扣论题）作为背景[/size][/font] g E6d9v L+FMT
[font=宋体][size=5]从远到近，由大到小，谈论紧扣论题的社会观点作为背景[/size][/font]
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[font=宋体][size=5]官方、权威数据，调查研究结果[/size][/font]
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[size=5][b][color=red][font=宋体]开头[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman]2 [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]事例＋论题＋各方观点（和理由）＋作者理由和论点[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/b][/size]N0e1rFkk?
[size=5][b][color=red][font=宋体]⑴[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]媒体（电视、电台、报纸、杂志和网络）的报道[/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体][/font][/color][/b][/size]%n1{m.OS b"K
[size=5][b][color=red][font=宋体]⑵[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]朋友、邻居、同事的故事[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/b][/size]
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[font=Times New Roman][size=5] [/size][/font]w:@!\3X2l-\
[size=5][b][font=宋体]开头[/font][font=Times New Roman]3 [/font][/b][b][font=宋体]问题＋论题＋各方观点（和理由）＋作者论点和理由[/font][/b][/size] ](b7w O
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[size=5][b][font=宋体]把背景用问题方式提出[/font][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/b][b][font=宋体]连续提问（煽情式提问）[/font][/b][/size],U"lMCF
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[b][font=Times New Roman][size=5] [/size][/font][/b]
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[size=5][b][color=red][font=宋体]开头[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman]4 [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]“引语”＋论题＋各方观点（和理由）＋作者论点和理由[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/b][/size]
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[b][size=5][color=red][font=宋体]主题句[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/size][/b]0i0J;{*xv:X
[size=5][b][color=red][font=宋体]必须是陈述句[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]必须表面观点[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]不要直接写事实[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]由观点到事实[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/b][/size] U4U+Ps`T f:S7r
[size=5][b][color=red][font=宋体]态度必须坚决[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]每段都要有主题句[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]通常位于段首或段末[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/b][/size]
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[b][color=red][font=Times New Roman][size=5] [/size][/font][/color][/b]
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[b][size=5][color=red][font=宋体]结尾[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/size][/b]
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[size=5][b][color=red][font=宋体]总结全文（论点＋各方观点）＋重述论点和理由＋提出建议[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman]/[/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]解决问题[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman]/[/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]深化意义[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/b][/size]&[6z2V:Nl
[b][size=5][color=red][font=宋体]把对方的优点移植到己方，把己方的观点消灭掉，提出实施方案和注意事项[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/size][/b]*_&SMPW7m5z,m9`5x
[b][size=5][color=red][font=宋体]深化意义＝展望未来＋对国家社会的好处[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/size][/b]Tc ^~ E
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[size=5][b][color=lime][font=宋体]黄金规则一[/font][/color][color=lime][font=Times New Roman] –The longer, the better[/font][/color][/b][b][color=lime][font=宋体][/font][/color][/b][/size]
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[size=5][b][color=blue][font=宋体]⑴[/font][/color][color=blue][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=blue][font=宋体]每一个论点都要有理由[/font][/color][color=blue][/color][/b][/size] I7v6ad6RR
[size=5][b][color=blue][font=宋体]⑵[/font][/color][color=blue][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=blue][font=宋体]每一个理由都要有例子[/font][/color][/b][b][color=blue][font=宋体][/font][/color][/b][/size]
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[size=5][b][color=blue][font=宋体]⑶[/font][/color][color=blue][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=blue][font=宋体]每一个例子都要有细节[/font][/color][color=blue][/color][/b][/size]
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[align=left][align=left][size=5][b][color=lime][font=宋体]黄金规则二[/font][/color][color=lime][font=Times New Roman]----------“[/font][/color][/b][b][color=lime][font=宋体]万金由[/font][/color][color=lime][font=Times New Roman]”[/font][/color][/b][/size][/align][/align][size=5][b][color=lime][font=宋体]黄金规则三[/font][/color][color=lime][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=lime][font=宋体]重述语意的技巧[/font][/color][color=lime][/color][/b][/size]@L$lKJ;H4W5UT
[b][size=5][color=blue][font=宋体]⑴使用同义词进行替换[/font][/color][color=blue][/color][/size][/b]O8N4H4_~]4?
[b][size=5][color=blue][font=宋体]⑵使用同根词进行替换[/font][/color][color=blue][/color][/size][/b]
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[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]Oppose-opposition[/font][/size][/color]
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[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]Build-building[/font][/size][/color] d[ EVJ;a2_3k/H
[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]Announce-announcement[/font][/size][/color]
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[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]Explain-explanation[/font][/size][/color] E7ch
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[b][size=5][color=blue][font=宋体]⑶使用短语进行替换[/font][/color][color=blue][/color][/size][/b]y9_-FUj}W J
[color=#424242][b][size=5][font=Times New Roman](Support) argue for/vote for/be in favor of[/font][/size][/b][/color]
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[size=5][font=Times New Roman][color=#424242][b](Oppose) argue against/vote against/object to/be opposed to[/b][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体][b][/b][/font][/color][/font][/size]{"ux\ `WXb~
[b][size=5][color=blue][font=宋体]⑷使用全新的表达法进行替换[/font][/color][color=blue][/color][/size][/b]
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[color=#424242][b][size=5][font=Times New Roman]A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near the community.[/font][/size][/b][/color] Dmp GFQ S
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[color=#424242][b][size=5][font=Times New Roman]----------a large factory is supposed to built near the community according to the announcement issued by a company.[/font][/size][/b][/color]
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[color=#424242][b][size=5][font=Times New Roman]Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your community.[/font][/size][/b][/color]
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[color=#424242][b][size=5][font=Times New Roman]------There is a growing awareness of both the positive and negative influences that the construction plan brings to our community.[/font][/size][/b][/color]
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[b][size=5][color=lime][font=宋体]黄金规则四－黄金句型[/font][/color][color=lime][font=Times New Roman] priceless sentence patterns[/font][/color][/size][/b]
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[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]超酷超炫超难句型大比拼[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]fY6l"pd0k
[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]注意：主题句[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]尽可能[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]2[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]－[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]1[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]格式[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]细节提升[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]
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[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]每个段落开头[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]2XB \-o5AJ&KV E
[color=#424242][font=Times New Roman][size=5]1．[/size]
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[/font][/color][size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]强调句（[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]1[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]－[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]2[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]）[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size];` wd ZO:A iB
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[font=Times New Roman][color=#424242][size=5]2．[/size]g8v%]e(j.Q*j
[/color][color=#424242][size=5]The more…,the more (1[/size][/color][/font][size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]－[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]2)[/font][/color][/size]
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[size=5][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]The more frequently we communicate with family members, the more harmonious the relationship in the family between us is.([/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]只要涉及交流都可以用[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman])[/font][/color][/size]
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[size=5][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]3. [/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]倒装句（[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]2[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]－[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]3[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]）[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]
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[size=5][b][color=fuchsia][font=宋体]①[/font][/color][color=fuchsia][font=Times New Roman]So…that….[/font][/color][/b][b][color=fuchsia][font=宋体]以至于[/font][/color][color=fuchsia][/color][/b][/size] x[6T
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[font=Times New Roman][size=5]So big is the classroom that it may hold ten thousand people.[/size][/font]
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[font=Times New Roman][size=5]So fast does he run that the train couldn’t catch up with him.[/size][/font]6Z9q']J4SO%A f,o
[size=5][b][color=fuchsia][font=宋体]②[/font][/color][color=fuchsia][font=Times New Roman] As…as(more…than…) [/font][/color][/b][b][color=fuchsia][font=宋体]比较结构[/font][/color][color=fuchsia][/color][/b][/size])b7^(of Hr(x c)j
[font=Times New Roman][size=5]I run as fast as he did-----I run as fast as did he.[/size][/font]
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[size=5][b][color=fuchsia][font=宋体]③[/font][/color][/b][b][color=fuchsia][font=宋体]表示地点、位置、范围、处所的状语或表语提前至句首[/font][/color][color=fuchsia][/color][/b][/size]
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[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]My sister is among those students.----Among those students is my sister.[/font][/size][/color] |0t e.x/^.P;rW3D FF Y
[b][size=5][color=fuchsia][font=宋体]④分词或形容词短语提前至句首[/font][/color][color=fuchsia][/color][/size][/b]2Rb"O@
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[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]主语（＋定语）＋[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]be[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]＋形容词[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]/[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]过去分词[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]/[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]不及物动词现在分词＋[/font][/color][color=red][font=宋体]介词[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]＋名词[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]
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[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]主语（＋定语）＋[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]be[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]＋及物动词现在分词＋[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]n.[/font][/color][/size]4b,X&OE5\ Rp
[size=5][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]E.g. Contrary to/coincident with the opinion of many people is my heartfelt ([/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]忠心的[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]) objection to/agreement with the idea that [u]students should study together with classmates[/u].[/font][/color][/size]
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[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]Those people/parents[u] who hold the opinion that money is the only symbol of success [/u]are satisfied with/contented with/interested in/worried about/opposed to[u] their children finding a high-paying and long-working job[/u].------------Satisfied with/contented with/interested in/worried about/opposed to their children finding a high-paying and long-working job are those people/parents who hold the opinion that money is the only symbol of success[/font][/size][/color]e!{#Rt yj4D
[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]Arguing for those students living outside the campus are those people [u]who hold the opinion that independence is the most critical characteristic of a university student[/u][/font][/size][/color]
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[size=5][b][color=fuchsia][font=宋体]⑤形容词＋[/font][/color][color=fuchsia][font=Times New Roman]though/as+[/font][/color][/b][b][color=fuchsia][font=宋体]主语＋谓语＋主句[/font][/color][color=fuchsia][/color][/b][/size]
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[font=Times New Roman][size=5]Rich though he is, he is unhappy.[/size][/font]P t wE-g'n
[color=olive][size=5][font=Times New Roman]Though the advantages (that owning a business enjoys/leads to/results in) are considerable/wonderful/numerous, they can not compete with the benefits (that working for others brings about/causes), when/if responsibility is taken into consideration/deliberation/account.[/font][/size][/color]jk.B0h V C b
[size=5][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]Though the advantages that [u]living in outside the campus[/u] enjoys are considerable, they can not compete with the benefits that l[u]iving in inside the campus brings about[/u], when safety is taken into consideration.([/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]通常用在第一段的最后一句话提出文章论点和理由，[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]2[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]－[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]1[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]文章的承上启下部分或文章的结尾[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]) ---------------------------- considerable though the advantages that [u]living in outside the campus[/u] enjoys are, they can not compete with the benefits that l[u]iving in inside the campus brings about[/u], when safety is taken into consideration. [/font][/color][/size]*EpM*tE'C8YG
[b][size=5][color=fuchsia][font=宋体]⑥表示否定的副词或短语＋助动词＋主语＋谓语＋其他成分[/font][/color][color=fuchsia][/color][/size][/b]6iz4]*J1I&R#A kf
[size=5][font=Times New Roman][u][color=fuchsia]No/not/never/Neither/nor/[/color][/u][color=fuchsia] ([/color][/font][color=fuchsia][font=宋体]全部否定[/font][/color][color=fuchsia][font=Times New Roman])[/font][/color][/size]
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[size=5][color=fuchsia][font=Times New Roman]seldom/rarely/barely/scarcely/hardly[/font][/color][color=fuchsia][font=宋体]（部分否定）[/font][/color][color=fuchsia][/color][/size](rH S m*x,t`~+S
[size=5][font=Times New Roman]Never will I form an idea that bicycles affect human beings’ life style most profoundly among all transportation means.[font=宋体][/font][/font][/size]f
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[size=5][b][color=fuchsia][font=宋体]⑦[/font][/color][color=fuchsia][font=Times New Roman]Only[/font][/color][/b][b][color=fuchsia][font=宋体]＋状语置于句首＋助动词＋主语＋谓语＋其他成分[/font][/color][color=fuchsia][/color][/b][/size]
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[color=fuchsia][size=5][font=Times New Roman]Only though this crisis do I understand that you love me best in the world.[/font][/size][/color]
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[color=#424242][font=Times New Roman][size=5]3．[/size]
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[/font][/color][size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]比较结构和倍数关系[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman](1[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]－[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]2)[/font][/color][/size]b W8_rKR:|5L
[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]As…as…[/font][/size][/color]"V"E Rm2y.tl@
[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]A is five times as big as B[/font][/size][/color]
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[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]A is five times bigger than B[/font][/size][/color]
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[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]A is five times the size of B.[/font][/size][/color] L z,c$_ygV o
[color=#424242][font=Times New Roman][size=5]4．[/size]
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[/font][/color][size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]修辞问句[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman](1[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]－[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]2)[/font][/color][/size]
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[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]When human beings [u]enjoy their happy life[/u], isn’t it necessary that they give some consideration to [u]those cute animals without enough playing ground[/u]?[/font][/size][/color]
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[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]When those people [u]enjoy their happy life outside campus[/u], isn’t it necessary that they give some consideration to [u]the great opportunities with their classmates if they live inside campus[/u]?[/font][/size][/color]w$G9y1I8[
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[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]When those people enjoy convenience brought by automobiles, isn’t it necessary that they give some consideration to the heavily polluted air and those people who are injured severely (had) in the car accidents?[/font][/size][/color]Vcu@ l
[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]When people enjoy the convenience brought the construction plan, isn’t it necessary that they give some consideration to the heavily polluted air and those people who are injured severely or die in the car accident because of the traffic jam after the construction of the factory?[/font][/size][/color]7[n:K%Y} `
[color=#424242][font=Times New Roman][size=5]5．[/size]*}*H\x
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[/font][/color][size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]并列结构[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman](2[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]－[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]3)[/font][/color][/size]
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[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]Teaching machines are devices that can store instructional information, present displays, receive response from a learner, and act on those responses.[/font][/size][/color]:@'D DD*g'h4x/@
[color=#424242][font=Times New Roman][size=5]6．[/size]
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[/font][/color][size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]虚拟语气[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size] ke _8cMX
[color=#424242][font=Times New Roman][size=5]①[/size]+wyNi \"g,j
[/font][/color][size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]阐述各种假定的恶劣后果时，可以使用虚拟语气。[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/size]
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[size=5][font=Times New Roman][color=#424242]If we built a factory in our community, there would be much pollution.[/color][color=#424242][font=宋体][/font][/color][/font][/size] ]q~
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[color=#424242][font=Times New Roman][size=5]②[/size]
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[/font][/color][size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]表示建议时，可以使用虚拟语气。[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]-r `:p7K.[!k
[size=5][font=Times New Roman][color=#424242]I suggest he (should) go now[/color][color=#424242][font=宋体][/font][/color][/font][/size]9utN$H `oq
[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]③[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]论及不太可能会实现或不可能会实现或不希望会实现的事情时，可以使用虚拟语气。[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]
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[color=#424242][font=Times New Roman][size=5]7．[/size]7cu| Y b)\b
[/font][/color][size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]插入语（[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]2[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]－[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]3[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]次）[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]
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[font=宋体][size=12pt]重要的插入语列举：[/size][/font][size=12pt][/size]
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[/font][size=5][b][font=Times New Roman]indeed[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] surely[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/b][b][color=green][font=宋体]（[/font][/color][color=green][font=Times New Roman]however[/font][/color][/b][b][color=green][font=宋体]，[/font][/color][color=green][font=Times New Roman]nevertheless[/font][/color][/b][b][color=green][font=宋体]，[/font][/color][color=green][font=Times New Roman]nonetheless[/font][/color][/b][b][color=green][font=宋体]，[/font][/color][color=green][font=Times New Roman]admittedly, notwithstanding[/font][/color][/b][b][color=green][font=宋体]）转折，意思完全一样[/font][/color][font=Times New Roman][color=green],[/color] Jkk#F9c)|}
obviously[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman]besides, furthermore, briefly, similarly,[/font][/b][/size]3M(}xY!E+A a.j`
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[/font][size=5][b][font=Times New Roman]honestly\frankly\generally (speaking)[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/b][/size]
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[size=5][b][font=Times New Roman]naturally[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] luckily\fortunately[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman]astonishingly, conversely, undeniably, undoubtedly[/font][/b][/size]b/TE{8C/b]
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[/font][size=5][b][font=Times New Roman]strange to say[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] needless to say[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] most important of all[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] worse of all[/font][/b][/size])nBxo.i8[4NG H\o
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[/font][size=5][b][font=Times New Roman]in sum\short\ summary [/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] in other words[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] in a sense[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] in general[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] in my view\opinion\judgment[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][/b][/size]8Q J `U A*hUL
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[/font][b][size=5][font=Times New Roman]in consequence, in conclusion [/font][/size][/b]
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[/font][size=5][b][font=Times New Roman]in the first place[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman]in addition
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[/font][b][size=5][font=Times New Roman]On the contrary, in contrast[/font][/size][/b]
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[/font][size=5][b][font=Times New Roman]to my joy\delight\satisfaction\ surprise\astonishment\amazement\ regret \disappointment[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][/b][/size]
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[/font][b][size=5][font=Times New Roman]of course, KD e#}!jk4A
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[/font][b][size=5][font=Times New Roman]for instance\example, [/font][/size][/b]e O LO2@
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[/font][b][size=5][font=Times New Roman]in fact, as a matter of fact[/font][/size][/b]%P8@5i6F'M j Y
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[/font][size=5][b][font=Times New Roman]to be sure[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] to sum up[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] to tell the truth,
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to start with[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/b][/size]
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[/size][/font][size=5][b][font=Times New Roman]I am sure[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] I believe\wonder\suppose[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] it seems[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] as I see it[/font][/b][b][font=宋体]，[/font][font=Times New Roman] what is important [/font][/b][/size][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman](serious)[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]，[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman] I’m afraid[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]，[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman] it is said [/font][/size]7ISCZ3h&k
[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]语言的雕琢[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/size]
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[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]聪明的[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman] clever brilliant smart intelligent wise genius bright talented gifted quick-witted quick-minded ingenious[/font][/color][/size]{ \8E.x/iF-m
[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]非常[/font][/color][font=Times New Roman][color=#424242] very extremely [/color][color=red]extraordinarily[/color][color=#424242] highly [/color][color=red]unusually [/color][color=#424242]pretty [/color][color=red]considerably remarkably[/color][color=#424242] amazingly astonishingly surprisingly[/color][color=red] impressively noticeable[/color]
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[color=red]notably [/color][color=#424242] Lz"Vt$HA:PO q!G
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[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]著名的[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman] well-known famed noted celebrated renowned eminent [/font][/color][/size]
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[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]Enjoy a nation-wide/world-wide fame/name/recognition/[/font][/size][/color]
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[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]Celebrity/eminence /reputation be widely recognized acknowledged[/font][/size][/color]
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[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]关于[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman] regarding concerning involving as regards relating to with respect to with regard to with reference to with relation to [/font][/color][/size]
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[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]E.g.: Concerning this issue, as far as I am concerned,[/font][/size][/color]
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[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]I think you are very famous and clever[/font][/size][/color]Y[ x?1cT d
[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]From my point of view, you are extraordinarily well-known and intelligent.[/font][/size][/color] C5RK,VA/_ N
[b][size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]文章中禁止使用的项目[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size][/b]u Z(}5j/R/~*H
[b][color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]About ,get ,famous, clever, very, lovely, good, bad, big, many, important[/font][/size][/color][/b]
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[b][size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]在每个名词前，试图加上一个形容词；在每个形容词前，试图加上一个副词[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size][/b] R
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[b][size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]词汇选择的标准[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size][/b]~4i/o[o,W6o
[b][color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]Understandable[/font][/size][/color][/b]"M I2l"B q|Os
[b][color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]Acceptable[/font][/size][/color][/b]j@/^em TXa+ec
[b][color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]Correct
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e.g. a slim/ample opportunity -D/|g*\d `M2M$w;e
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take care of yourself[/font][/size][/color][/b]p
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[b][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman][size=5]I!p ~ R;R+n6t,p|
Playwright([/size][/font][/color][/b][b][size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]剧作家[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]) [/font][/color][/size][/b]9Y6mK2H0S1j2KY^ S0~
[size=5][b][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]Gain/obtain/accumulate/acquire knowledge([/font][/color][/b][b][color=#424242][font=宋体]获得知识[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman])[/font][/color][/b][/size]
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[b][color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]Appropriate [/font][/size][/color][/b];nD"G~U.Z
[b][color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]Exact[/font][/size][/color][/b]
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[size=5][b][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]Idiomatic([/font][/color][/b][b][color=#424242][font=宋体]合乎语言习惯的[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman])[/font][/color][/b][/size]o1c L*AU4\G
[b][color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]Interesting[/font][/size][/color][/b]V^3fzt4SR0A%a~
[b][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman][size=5] [/size][/font][/color][/b]!B0Q'h@#B8J;v
[b][size=5][color=red][font=宋体]段落的实现[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/size][/b],vYsR.Ke3J)P7ki
[size=5][b][color=red][font=宋体]⑴例证法[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]每个理由后面必须同时有例子[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]每篇文章至少两个例子[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/b][/size] s5ed3w1uc
[b][size=5][color=red][font=宋体]提出论点－列举事例－分析事例－得出结论－（重述论点）我认为－因为我觉得－比如说－你看[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/size][/b]
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[size=5][b][color=red][font=宋体]举例之后[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]一定要强调这样的例子不胜枚举。。。[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/b][/size]T4?\7V)@ n1L
[size=5][font=Times New Roman][b][color=red]Abraham Lincoln[/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体][/font][/color][/b][/font][/size]
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[size=5][b][color=red][font=宋体]⑵因果法[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]提出论点－原因－分析条件（如果这样会有什么好处[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman]/[/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]坏处，而这正是我们所需要[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman]/[/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]担心的）－得出结果[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/b][/size]*D9e)v;U$j%I
[b][color=red][size=5][font=Times New Roman]Lead to/result in [/font][/size][/color][/b]
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[b][color=red][size=5][font=Times New Roman]result from [/font][/size][/color][/b].l {;`i(iR
[b][color=red][size=5][font=Times New Roman]Because of/due to/thanks to/owing to/by reason of/on account of [/font][/size][/color][/b]
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[size=5][b][color=red][font=Times New Roman]For [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]表示“因为”时不能放在句首[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/b][/size]1g}+bC$L6E_x
[b][color=red][size=5][font=Times New Roman]Because/for/since/as[/font][/size][/color][/b]
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[b][color=red][size=5][font=Times New Roman]As a result/outcome/consequence of[/font][/size][/color][/b]T
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[b][color=red][size=5][font=Times New Roman]In consequence/in the end/consequently[/font][/size][/color][/b]
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[size=5][b][color=red][font=Times New Roman]Therefore/thereby/hence/thus([/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]副词[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman])[/font][/color][/b][/size]}:fho5T*[Cp
[size=5][b][color=red][font=Times New Roman]So[/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]（连词）[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/b][/size]
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[size=5][b][color=red][font=宋体]⑶[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]比较对照法（整体、分项比较）[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/b][/size]$],{ ? j{5k
[size=5][b][color=red][font=宋体]整体比较的好处：写起来容易[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]整体印象完整[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]缺点：两者对比不鲜明[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/b][/size]
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[size=5][b][color=red][font=宋体]分项比较的好处：两者对比特别鲜明[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]缺点：零碎的印象，大量的重复[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/b][/size]1^$qc1WSr"U
[size=5][b][color=red][font=Times New Roman]Interweave [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]交织[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/b][/size]
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[size=5][b][color=red][font=宋体]⑷[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]分类法[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman]/[/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]并列法[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/b][/size]4Wz H
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[b][size=5][color=red][font=宋体]总论点[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/size][/b]
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[size=5][b][color=red][font=宋体]分论点一[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]在[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman]A[/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]方面[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]在[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman]B[/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]方面[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]在[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman]C[/font][/color][/b][b][color=red][font=宋体]方面[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/b][/size]x@C
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[b][size=5][color=red][font=宋体]分论点二[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/size][/b]
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[b][size=5][color=red][font=宋体]分论点三[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/size][/b]
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[b][size=5][color=red][font=宋体]⑸定义法[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/size][/b]
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[b][size=5][color=red][font=宋体]衔接手段[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/size][/b]G;@ of+U&_9jq8u:A*a
[b][size=5][color=red][font=宋体]使用连接词和短语（表示并列、转折、递进、因果、比较、对照、举例）[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/size][/b],n'D a:\ G&L L Y
[b][size=5][color=red][font=宋体]使用代词[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/size][/b]W2gI-rN x'}e
[b][size=5][color=red][font=宋体]使用语意粘连[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/size][/b]
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[b][color=red][font=Times New Roman][size=5] [/size][/font][/color][/b]+D#[s;V2b5H4WL yJ
[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]举例：同意建工厂[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]
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[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]常用词汇和结构[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size];ju!Vt9d7A
[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]表示第一项[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]
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[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]Firstly, to begin/start with, first of all, in the first place, on the one hand, the most important reason is, first and foremost[/font][/size][/color]_)xD_6r.|s
[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]另一项[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman] secondly, in the second place, on the other hand, besides, further more, additionally, in addition, moreover, equally important is, also, too, another[/font][/color][/size] O7[9[.F)Wj
[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]最后一项[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman] last but not the least, most important of all, finally, thirdly, another point/reason [/font][/color][/size]\+wB*DY4Z6L2^|*[
[b][size=5][color=lime][font=宋体]题型分类：[/font][/color][color=lime][/color][/size][/b]ApRG(yMz"R
[size=5][b][color=lime][font=宋体]⑴观点选择[/font][/color][/b][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]给出两个对立观点或者一个观点的对立两个方面，要求支持其中一个观点或者观点的一个方面。[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]
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[size=5][/size][size=5][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]Do you agree or disagree with the statements: parents are the best teachers
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[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]带有绝对性的题目，驳论更好写[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体][/font][/color][/size]
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[size=5][b][color=lime][font=宋体]⑵比较对比类[/font][/color][color=lime][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][/b][color=#424242][font=宋体]给出两个对立观点或者一个观点的对立两个方面，要求进行比较论述，并给出个人观点[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]
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[size=5][font=Times New Roman][color=#424242]It has been said,” Not everything that is learned is contained in books” compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?[/color][b][color=lime][/color][/b][/font][/size]
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[size=5][b][color=lime][font=宋体]⑶自定义类[/font][/color][/b][color=lime][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]考试频率最低、难度最大[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]v#^,e![&R:T5]v
[color=#424242][size=5][font=Times New Roman]You have the opportunity to visit a foreign country for two weeks. Which country would you like to visit? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.[/font][/size][/color]9`2W4O']@~3L2]
[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]给出一个范围或论题[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]要求自己确定观点并论述、正面反面都可以写[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]
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[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]如何审题：[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]Y)h\7xV
[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]确定题目的类别（题材[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]/[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]题型）[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]
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[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]确定切入点，寻找绝对词汇[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman](never/conly/anything/best)[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]和其他带有限制性含义的词语（形容词、介词短语）[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]
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[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]列提纲时间短于两分钟[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]T ?\8c w6_ v u
[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]简短提纲＝观点＋理由＋闪现的句子和名言[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]1MLhG Y$c:T4g7o;L X]
[size=5][color=#424242][font=宋体]主体框架[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]d1A;aXse*TI;Bu
[size=5][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]1[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]＋[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]1 [/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]支持面＋理由[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]两点论述[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]
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[size=5][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]2[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]＋[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]1[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]（两种）[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]A[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]型[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]支持面优点的充分论述＋反对面的缺点一到两点的简略改进（自由选室友[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman] or [/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]学校决定）[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size] k,Z Z3xg)K9n t
[size=5][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman]B[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]型[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=Times New Roman] [/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]支持面的理由两点充分论述＋支持面的另一个理由简略论述[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]
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[size=5][color=red][font=Times New Roman]2[/font][/color][color=red][font=宋体]－[/font][/color][color=red][font=Times New Roman]1[/font][/color][color=red][font=宋体]（两种）－重点推荐[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/size]m K
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[color=red][font=Times New Roman][size=5]A．[/size]
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[/font][/color][size=5][color=red][font=宋体]支持面优点两点充分论述＋反对面优点[/font][/color][color=#424242][font=宋体]一到两点的简略改进[/font][/color][color=#424242][/color][/size]
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[color=red][font=Times New Roman][size=5]B．[/size]
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[/font][/color][size=5][color=red][font=宋体]讨论点的优点两点充分论述＋讨论点的缺点一到两点论述[/font][/color][color=red][/color][/size]'a;{4p.K'h
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[font=宋体][size=5]折中方案[/size][/font]'z$CPd-S
[font=宋体][size=5]各种题型的框架[/size][/font]
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[size=5][font=宋体]观点选择类：[/font][font=Times New Roman]1[/font][font=宋体]＋[/font][font=Times New Roman]1[/font][font=宋体]、[/font][font=Times New Roman] 2[/font][font=宋体]＋[/font][font=Times New Roman]1 [/font][font=宋体]、[/font][font=Times New Roman]2[/font][font=宋体]－[/font][font=Times New Roman]1[/font][font=宋体]、折中方案[/font][/size]
victorylcy 2008-7-1 15:56
感谢万分.................
givenchyszhang 2008-7-2 23:12
谢谢LZ分享
