查看完整版本: Organization 音频及文字答案

Organization 音频及文字答案

[size=6]PASSAGE ONE[/size]
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[b](P) Today I’ll be talking about the concept of tropism as it relates to plants. Tropism, for those of you who don’t know, refers to a bending of a plant or a part of a plant in response to an outside stimulus. !g;ps|0}

~:^e1n#C!j$T]Y)qd     There are three important kinds of tropism. They are phototropism, geotropism, and hydrotropism. In each of these kinds of tropism, a plant, or a part of a plant, bends in response to a different kind of outside stimulus. 2af5eKd4X
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    First, we’ll discuss phototropism. The outside stimulus in phototropism is light. When a plant is affected by phototropism, it grows in the direction of a light source such as the Sun.
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T!Bk} b%m(p d4J     The second kind of tropism is geotropism. In geotropism, the outside stimulus is gravity. In a plant affected by geotropism, the affected part of the plant grows directly downward because of the pull of gravity. When a plant’s affected by geotropism, it’s often the root structure that’s affected.z3C3Qi1U!z
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    OK. The final kind of tropism I’ll discuss today is hydrotropism. When hydrotropism affects a plant, this means that the plant is drawn toward water. A plant under the effect of hydrotropism will grow in the direction of its water source. [/b]

<p><font size="5"><strong>PASSAGE TWO</strong></font></p><p>(P) Today, we’re going to be talking about fossils. A basic definition of fossils is that they are the remains of plants and animals that have turned to store, and today we’re going to be talking about how animals become fossils.</p><p>The process begins when a living being dies. After an animal dies, its soft tissues break down. When the soft tissues have decomposed, only the hard parts of the body, such as the bones and teeth, remain.</p><p>Over a long period of time, um, the hard tissue becomes buried under layers of sediment. As more layers of sediment cover the hard tissue, it becomes buried more and more deeply.</p><p>When the bones are buried deep in the earth, they come into contact with groundwater, and a change begins to occur. Minerals from the groundwater seep into the bones and, over long periods of time, the minerals eventually replace the bones. This is the actual step when fossilization occurs, when minerals from the groundwater have replaced the actual hard tissue from the original body.</p><p>The buried fossilized remains, which are buried deep within the earth, may then make their way back to the surface. As the earth moves, the remains are pushed around… if they get closer to the surface, where they can be seen, or get near enough to the surface, where they can be dug out.</p><p></p><p></p>
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<p><strong><font size="5">PASSAGE THERE</font></strong></p><p>(M1) We need to know about Clarence Darrow and some of his more famous cases.</p><p>(W) OK, uh, I know that Clarence Darrow was a famous lawyer. What were some of his most famous cases?</p><p>(M2) He was famous for the Eugene Debs case, and the Loeb-Leopold case, and the Scopes trial.</p><p>(W) He was also famous for his part in resolving a coal strike.</p><p>(M1) OK, let’s go over each of these cases and make sure we understand them. The first one was the Eugene Debs case in 1895. Darrow defended Debs, who was the president of the railroad workers went on strike.</p><p>(M2) Wasn’t the strike by the railroad workers called the Pullman Strike?</p><p>(M1) Yes, it was; it was named after the Pullman, which was a type of railroad car.</p><p>(W) Uh, the next situation was the Pennsylvania coal strike in 1902. Clarence Darrow was asked by the president of the United States to arbitrate the coal strike.</p><p>(M1) So this wasn’t actually a trial; it was an arbitration.</p><p>(M) That’s true. Now, there are two other trials we need to know about: the Loeb-Leopold trial and the Scopes trial.</p><p>(M2) The Loeb-Leopold trial was in 1924. This was a very famous murder trial.</p><p>(W) And Clarence Darrow was the defense attorney in this trial?</p><p>(M2) Exactly.</p><p>(W) Now, the last case we need to be familiar with is the Scopes trial, but I don’t know much about that.</p><p>(M1) The Scopes trial in 1925—also known as the Scopes monkey trial—was about evolution, about whether humanity evolved from monkeys.</p><p>(W) And who was Scopes?</p><p>(M1) Scopes was a high school biology teacher who was charged with breaking the law because he taught evolution in school.</p><p>(W) And Clarence Darrow was the defense attorney in this trial?</p><p>(M1) Yes, he was.</p><p>(M2) I think we’ve covered the information we need to know about Darrow. We know about three of the trials in which he served as defense attorney.</p><p>(W) And we also know about the strike he helped to arbitrate.</p><p></p>
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<p><strong><font size="5">PASSAGE FOUR</font></strong></p><p>(I) Now, we’re going to review the information on various types of fractures, or broken bones. Yesterday, we talked about three types of fractures. Do you remember what they were? Clair?</p><p>(C) They were simple, compound, and, ah, greenstick fractures.</p><p>(I) Yes, exactly. Now, can you tell me how a simple fracture and a compound fracture differ? Are they different because of the number of fractures? Dave?</p><p>(D) No, the difference between a simple and a compound fracture refers to how much damage there is to the tissue around the broken bone rather than the number of breaks in the bone. In a simple fracture, the bone is broken, but there’s little damage to the tissue around the, um, around the bone. In a compound fracture, the bone is broken and there’s a lot of damage to the tissue around the broken bone.</p><p>(I) So, how much tissue damage is there in a compound fracture? Gaul?</p><p>(G) A lot. In a compound fracture, the broken bone actually comes through the skin.</p><p>(I) So, when we talk about the difference between a simple and a compound fracture, this doesn’t refer to the number of breaks in a bone; instead, it refers to the amount of tissue damage. How do we refer to the number of breaks in a bone? Clair?</p><p>(C) To talk about the number of breaks in a bone, we talk about a, a single, a double, or a multiple break. A single fracture means one break, a double fracture means two breaks, and the, uh, a multiple fracture means more than two breaks.</p><p>(I) OK, I hope this distinction’s clear, that we talk about single, double, and multiple fractures to refer to the number of fractures and simple and compound fractures to refer to how much tissue damage there is around the break. Now, we have just one more type of fracture. Dave can you tell me who generally suffers from greenstick fractures?</p><p>(D) Greenstick fractures are usually found in children.</p><p>(I) That’s true. And what is a greenstick fracture? Gail?</p><p>(G) A greenstick fracture means that the bone bends and maybe it breaks part of the way, but it doesn’t break all the way through. The name“greenstick” refers to a young green plant that might bend instead of breaking.</p><p>(I) So, is a greenstick fracture a very serious fracture? Clair?</p><p>(C) No, a greenstick fracture’s usually the least serious type of fracture because the bone isn’t broken all the way through. The compound fracture, where the broken bone comes through the skin, is the most serious type of fracture.</p>A8u1P1sc0u
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