查看完整版本: 新托福阅读推理题(zz)

新托福阅读推理题(zz)

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XZC [font=宋体][size=12pt]笔者对于国内外考试研究多年，除了著有相关书籍外，还亲自教授。关于托福考试，曾与人合著《[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]TOEFL[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]阅读高分对策》，成为坊间流行的参考书。蛰居剑桥期间，利用[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]ETS[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]出版的新托福资料，加上多家著名出版机构的新托福资料，对新托福进行了深入研究，并将研究成果证之于实践，辅导新托福考生，效果良好。为了惠及更多的考生，今将研究成果公之于众。首先推出的是阅读，笔者将结合新托福样题（[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]ETS[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]官方网站上有），对新托福的几种题型进行分析，给出正确的做题方法。这次分析的题型是推理题。[/size][/font]7B8Ji%aRP)N$|YJv
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D5i N4uw [b][font=宋体][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]一、Nj!V0]y B"~6EZ2_
[/font][/size][/font][/b][b][font=宋体][size=12pt]推理题的标志[/size][/font][/b](EC8rI
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[size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]      [/font][/size] [font=宋体][size=12pt]推理题的题干中一般含有[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]等词，分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题两大类。[/size][/font]F#?&gpHF
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{w z+LW[5fGc [b][font=宋体][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]二、
+a9^:O!Oih [/font][/size][/font][/b][b][font=宋体][size=12pt]推理题的做法[/size][/font][/b]
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|6D*nP [font=宋体][size=12pt]对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索的，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。[/size][/font]tq@ nD;\.Z;ZB[$Y
[font=宋体][size=12pt]对于有共性的推理题，也就是题干中有线索的，可以先圈定题干中的关键词，根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。推理题主要有下列思路：[/size][/font]
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P$bBW? [b][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]1．[/font][/size][/b][b][font=宋体][size=12pt]一般对比推理[/size][/font][/b]
1E.e%t*x#g&YK [size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]ETS[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]设计推理题的手段不多，根据两个事物的对比特征出题是其中之一。问其中一个事物的特征时，只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。例如：[/size][/font]
\;d*v`Qg0c3|7JS [size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]It should be obvious that cetaceans–whales, porpoises, and dolphins–are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.[/font][/size]fS+txH
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/rZ9~3v I*XD [size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?[/font][/size][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]  [/font][/size] [font=Wingdings][size=12pt]-^W r*o`
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[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman](A)It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.[/font][/size][font=Wingdings][size=12pt](NlLGyu@`;J
[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman](B)There were great numbers of them.[/font][/size][font=Wingdings][size=12pt]8{,k%xoKc']J lGU
[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman](C)They lived in the sea only.[/font][/size][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]   [/font][/size] [font=Wingdings][size=12pt]Cx Fk-|;u}
[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman](D)They did not leave many fossil remains.[/font][/size]
R"hbP d"uly [font=宋体][size=12pt]根据关键词[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]sea otters[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]定位第四句：[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds…[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]，由原文的[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]unlike[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]可知[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]sea otters[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]和[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]pinnipeds[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]两种动物与[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]whales[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]形成对比，而且很难想象原始的[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]whales[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]的样子；根据“一般对比推理”思路，[/size][/font] [font=宋体][size=12pt]可以推出“原始的[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]sea otters[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]的样子不难想象”。第一个选项表达了此意，为正确答案。[/size][/font]
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[font=宋体][size=12pt][b][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman][b][size=4]2.[/size][/b] [/font][/size][/b][b][font=宋体][size=12pt]时间对比推理[/size][/font][/b]"m kp'on[
[font=宋体][size=12pt]这种思路常被考到。在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。[/size][/font]
V5q7x5l/Uc,d.h [font=宋体][size=12pt]例一：[/size][/font]
Bl;X W z8v7a/k| [font=Times New Roman][size=12pt]Basic to any understanding of[/size] [size=12pt]Canada[/size] [size=12pt]in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth….[/size][/font]
Z%JV})_ [font=Times New Roman][size=12pt]…It appeared that[/size] [size=12pt]Canada[/size] [size=12pt]was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.[/size][/font]
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[size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution[/font][/size]1F-q&}VF_5j7W
[font=Times New Roman][size=12pt](A)[/size][size=12pt]families were larger.[/size][/font]
2@'Y2[v$X5X%J4p6Q"` [font=Times New Roman][size=12pt](B)[/size][size=12pt]population statistics were unreliable.[/size][/font]_Q9T#k:`&a
[font=Times New Roman][size=12pt](C)[/size][size=12pt]the population grew steadily.[/size][/font]
k$b-H Ni(D9u[&} [font=Times New Roman][size=12pt](D)[/size][size=12pt]economic conditions were bad.[/size][/font]
ro$zE(fF [font=宋体][size=12pt]工业革命之后与工业革命之前两个时间形成对比。既然工业革命之后西方世界的家庭变小了，那么工业革命之前的家庭一定比较大。因此（[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]A[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]）为正确答案。[/size][/font]
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iz f9C:s [font=宋体][size=12pt]例二：[/size][/font]
:GYK4L*|q6?gr'P [font=Times New Roman][size=12pt]Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the[/size] [size=12pt]United States[/size] [size=12pt]in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.[/size][/font]
$[!lB"Gxjr [size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]What can be inferred from the passage about the majority of films made after 1927?
tVwK'v-e f (A) They were truly “silent.”[/font][/size]
&~s5?5j5r ^:L3ns [size=12pt][font=Times New Roman](B) They were accompanied by symphonic orchestras.
6oq9W8n3BbL P^ (C) They incorporated the sound of the actors’ voices.
a5_,@&F(E+_C*nih (D) They corresponded to specific musical compositions.[/font][/size]
:|3d3o}O/R5|/} [size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]1927[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]年前后形成对比。既然[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]1927[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]年以前的电影只有音乐而没有配音，那么[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]1927[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]年之后的电影一定有。所以（[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]C[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]）为正确答案。[/size][/font][/size][/font]#Ak@"t:w
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/D~j2m"wNIa [font=宋体][size=12pt]例三：[/size][/font]4RY9h#B,f
[size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]“…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals )with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles …”[/font][/size]
'Ca^Dca0i6Z [size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?[/font][/size]
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[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman](A)They did not smoke when they were burned.[/font][/size][font=Wingdings][size=12pt]WZjB%B)k$u
[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman](B)They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.[/font][/size][font=Wingdings][size=12pt]g,F6l P|
[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman](C)They were not available to all.[/font][/size][font=Wingdings][size=12pt]8e5mo0m$_)r6qPgd
[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman](D)They contained sulfuric acid.[/font][/size]
LnH7k5G5R5xs [font=宋体][size=12pt]问题：关于[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]19[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]世纪以前的蜡烛，从第一段可以推出下列哪一点？[/size][/font]
:]k v.G}5D.V9p [font=宋体][size=12pt]这道题的题干中有“[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]19[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]世纪以前”这一时间，由此可见它属于“时间对比推理”思路。原文首句指出：“[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]…19[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]世纪带来了大量新发现和发明，使蜡烛业发生了革命性的变化，所有人都能用蜡烛照明。”[/size][/font] [font=宋体][size=12pt]根据“时间对比推理”思路，由于[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]19[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]世纪以前的情况与[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]19[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]世纪形成对比，而[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]19[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]世纪所有人能用蜡烛照明，那么在[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]19[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]世纪之前，并非所有人都能用上蜡烛。第三个选项[/size][/font] [size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]“They were not available to all”[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]表达了这一意思，为正确答案。[/size][/font]#|9Mc+~} t5JI
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YU&{2fU^LB}~ [font=宋体][size=12pt][b][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]3[/font][/size][/b][b][font=宋体][size=12pt]．集合概念推理[/size][/font][/b]
/{A,k2Ygtn,Fk [font=宋体][size=12pt]集合概念推理也可以称之为百分比推断，它指的是在一个集合中，包含两个相对的方面，共同构成一个大的集合。一方所占的比例减少意味着另一方所占比例的增加；反之，一方所占的比例增加意味着另一方所占比例的减少。根据这一思路，可以由集合中一方的数量变化推断另一方的消减。[/size][/font]
NI/]*v3y"d+T [font=宋体][size=12pt]例一：[/size][/font]
0VJ5]vx-P$F[ [font=Times New Roman][size=12pt]A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. …Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the[/size] [size=12pt]United States[/size] [size=12pt]and[/size] [size=12pt]Canada[/size][size=12pt]….[/size][/font]4I{I-E|$r
[size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing.[/font][/size]f7{/W X_
[font=Times New Roman][size=12pt]22.What does the author imply about the[/size] [size=12pt]United States[/size] [size=12pt]and[/size] [size=12pt]Canada[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]?[/I4OX3l@_6Y;~
(A) They value folk cultures.f8YU9@7Tt+Q
(B) They have no social classes.
@L(\{6p (C) They have popular cultures.wk q io4x0Pt_z
(D) They do not value individualism.[/font][/size]%R} cTXVgf
[font=宋体][size=12pt]原文谈到[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]folk culture[/font][/size] [font=宋体][size=12pt]和[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]popular culture[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]两种文化，它们之间形成对比。既然美国和加拿大不再存在[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]folk culture[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]，那么它们就有[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]popular culture[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]。因此（[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]C[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]）为正确答案。[/size][/font]
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/yBx6^+eEJiWs [font=宋体][size=12pt]例二：[/size][/font]:X$g4URg+K
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[font=Times New Roman][size=12pt]Both the number and the percentage of people in the[/size] [size=12pt]United States[/size] [size=12pt]involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.[/size][/font]$o@DBX5]6`
[size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?5wA!HF]C\4k.m
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
/j(l-PWY-M0ks1YHR (B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
_;rP{m}'fGb (C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
aOx*L,e`3M(n9R (D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.[/font][/size]
+f!M4K9xQ.F [font=宋体][size=12pt]文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降了。所以（[/size][/font][size=12pt][font=Times New Roman]B[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=12pt]）为正确答案。[/size][/font]
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[[i] 本帖最后由 whereiswc 于 2008-3-5 18:32 编辑 [/i]]

thanks

无论如何也做不对这种题

很好   但举列子的时候  特别是集合这类  能不能把整段都写出来   这样好定位答案的出处

因为  就凭那一句话   谁都能做出正解    关键是  如何让我发现   定位 那句话

好贴就要顶~D2`K'o,?

+w0|&vx+D)A zz的很受用~

好难啊

考完G，再看这个就有感觉了，真的是通的！！！！！！！