The word Yankee in thise song refers to an American colonist, it probably comes from that Dutch(荷兰的) word for jJohnney. The word Doodle pritical pretty clearly seems to be some kind of insult about the American colonists’ manners of dress and behavior. Now, the word macaroni was a slang tune term used in 18th century England. This term was used to describe a person who dressed c extravagantly(奢侈的, 浪费的) in order to look fashionable, but endd up looking silly instead. Now, let’s look at some drawings of a typical American colonist and a typical British soldier as we try to understand some the massage of the song. OK, first of all, how does the British soldier on the left look to you? The British soldier looks nice and neat, very well – groomed(使清洁而整齐). Yes, you can say that the British soldier takes a lot of proud pride in dressing neatly and correctly(恰当地). Now, what about the American colonist? How doe he look? He certainly looks a lot of sloppier
  a, d2 A' R* g" D. i/ v" ](外表)不整洁的 not at all like the British soldier. Yes, that’s right. He looks quite ragiged(衣着褴褛的，不整洁的，参差不齐的) and unnot concerned about his appearance. Now, as you look at these two pictures, the message of the song should seem quite clear the British soldiers considered themselves fashionable and neat and they considered the American colonists unfashionable and sloppy. An American might stick a feather in his cap in order to appear more fashionable. But to British eyes, this was just macaroni. Now that, we’ve talked about the meaning of the song. Let’s look at the song’s rather unuaual history. Clearly, this song was invented by the British to be insulting to Americans. The song came about in the
, f: |( R* y: mperiod prairieior to the American Revolution, it was suong by British soldiers in the American colonists to mock( mark嘲笑) the colonists before the Revolution. Very Then a surprising thing happened with thise song during the course of the Revolution. You see, During the war, the Americans heard the British singing this song as an insult, but the Americans took this insulting song over and began singing it right back at the British. According to a traditional story about the ending of the war. After the British ceremoniously(隆重地) surrenoundered to(投降) the Americans at t Yorktown(约克镇[美国弗吉尼亚州东南部城镇]), the Americans even played and sang the last coursea lusty(精力充沛的) chorus(合唱) of Yankee Doodle to the defeated the British soldiers. I am not quite sure this story is historically accuraete, but it is certainly does make a nice story, doesn’t it?
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Mini Test 6 Section 2

The professor sure spent a lot of time discussing those huge earthquakes innear the Mississippi. Yeah, that’s because they were such big earthquakes the biggest known to have occurred on the North American continent. And when did they take place? In the 18th century, I believe. Is that what you heard? No, they were in the early 1800s and in the winter of 1811 to 1812. There were big earthquakes in December and in January and began then again in February. So that would be the early part of the 19th century then. Exacellently. Now there were was something I didn’t understand. Where did these earthquakes take place? Was it in Mississippi or in Missouri? The professor mentioned both. Now That was more than a bitg confusing. The earthquakes were centered in the state of Missouri and not Mississippi, but they were in the Mississippi was a realriver valley in Missouri. That’ s why the professor mentioned both Mississippi and Missouri. Look! There is a map here in our text. You can see that the earthquakes were centered in the nNew Madrid Missouri which is located along side(在...的侧面)in the Mississippi River. So the earthquakes were centered in the state of Missouri rather than the state of Mississippi, but they were along the Mississippi River. And these circles indicate how far away the earthquakes could be felt?

Yeah.They were supposedly the most powerful earthquakes ever recorded in North America. They were so strong they could be felt all the way up the east to coast. The professor said they could be felt over an area ofs more than a million square miles. And they were strong enough to cause topographical changes in the area. Topographical changes? Those are
& f/ s: q' y% j; p* Q( i5 Zchanges and in the physical featurehers(特征) in of a region, aren’t they? Yes, they are. And these quakes had a really unusual degree of effectfact of on the topography of thein this area, didn’t they? They did. Over 30000 square miles of land sank.
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这两天突然觉得听力做题有感觉了，错的少了许多 ，今天晚上状态不太好，调整下，明天努力吧
5 h0 ]: L% D: T* y6 P9 J; o既然选择了远方，便只有风雨无阻！

LZ说的好   一起加油吧！

今天听写的比较少，把前面4.5.6听了下。

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今天下了一天的雨，几个同学过来了，陪他们雨中逛了一下午，可以说浪费了一下午的时间，想想10号就要考了，自己还差的远呢，自责！

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不过虽然回来有点累，但是还是晚上听了3个多小时的听力，由于要读，只能在走廊上做，站了一晚上又，回宿舍觉得都站不住了，呵呵，感觉还是挺努力的样子！ 好，再接再厉吧！

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In these areas of sinking land, lakes were formed incluing real
5 j/ R/ r9 D) P) ^8 [$ R, l9 OReelfoot lakinge in Tennessee. In other areas, the elevation of the land increased enough to make lakes there disappear. Thousands of acrecs of prairie were created and thousands of creaters of empty sand were formed. The earthquakes were so powerful that they even changed the cauourse(过程) of the Mississippi. So thoese earthquakes had huge a effects on the topography of the area. They caused land to rise and formfall, lakes to form and river to change the direction. That’s incredible. Now, in addition to topography, the professor also talked about the theory of plate tectonics. Hmm, exactly, what is the theory of plate tectonics? According to the theory of plate tectonics, earthquakes can occur when the large plates that make up the arosscrust of the plateearth move and push up against each other. Look, you can see the world’s major tectonic plates on this map. How valid is the theory of plate tectonics? Does earthquakes always occure along the edges of plates? Well, it explains about 95% of the earthquakes that occurs in the world. However, the remaining 5% of the earthquakes occur in the middle of large plates. So, the theory of plate tectonics doesn’t explain thenm. Thoese earthquakes are called intre aplate earthquakes. So they must be caused in a different way. Oh, was that why the professor was taking about the theory of plate tectonics and in ralation to the Mississippi earthquakes? After all, Mississippi is far from the edges of large plates. Yeah, most huge earthquakes occur where plates meet. But Mississippi earthquakes were huge earthquakes that occurred in the middle of plates. So there are acexceptions to the theory that earthquakes occur where giant plates meet. Yeah, that’s true. The Mississippi earthquakes are intraplate earthquakes. There are part of the 5% of earthquakes that occur in the middle of plates. And not part of the 95% of earthquakes that occurred along the edges of plates. These earthquakes huge thoughthat they were did not occur at the point where towo huge plates can came crashing(碰撞) together. This is all much clearer to me now. I am really glad we’ve got together into and discussed all of this. You can say that again.

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' W; p( U- g9 |[ 本帖最后由 conifer 于 2008-4-21 00:18 编辑 ]

加油，备考之星

好高兴啊！有老师的鼓励，必勇往直前！！！
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Mini Test 7 Section 2

Today, we are going to be talking about two books that have had a tremendous effect impact in shaping American English. Both of these books were written by Noah Webster. Do any of you recognize the name Noah Webster? He wrote a number of books, but we’ll be discussing only two of them today. One of Webster’s two books will most probably be quite familiar to you, while the other most probably werewill not. While teaching in New York in 1782, Webster wrote an elementary(初步的, 基本的) spelling book which was published in later adeditions(版本) under the title of The American Spelling Book. Is this book familiar to you? Have any of you ever heard of it? No, this is of course the book that is not so familiar to you. You can probably understand from the title that this book contained American eyes’ ized spellings of English words rather than British spellings. Even in the 18th century, the orthographies(正确拼字, 正字法) of words in these two versions of English were already beginning to so show markedt differences. Of the two books that we’ll going to discuss is this is the less familiar one. Although this little spelling booker isn’t familiar to most people today, it is was hugely successful in its time. By the time of Webster’s death in 1843, more than 5015million copies of the book haved been publishedprinted. And by the beginning of the 20th century, the number had risen to more than 60million. Through the different editions of the speller, various orthographic reforms were introduced and speller had much to do with the standardization of the spelling throughout the young of the United States. The second of known ofNoah Webster’s important works should be more than a little familiar to you. This second of his works that we’ll bere discussing today is a dictionary, an English dictionary of the American language. Oh, excuse me, did I really say that? I have ita backwaord. It is not an English dictionary of the American language. It is an American dictionary of the English language. Now, that I’ve got its streetstraight. An American dictionary of the English language was completed in 1825. This huge dictionary wasn’t an eambitious scholarly(学究气的：属于、关于或具有学者或学问特点的) achievement. In this work, Webster wanderted to show the actual statge of the American English language. He added numerous words to the dictionary that had commone into the English language in America, and were not part of the British English at thate time. Let me you a few examples. A few of the words that were added to the English language in America were the animal called a skunk(臭鼬), the soup known as chowder(杂烩汤) and a the type of tree named hickory(山胡桃树, 山胡桃木). Webster included the American meanings of words whose meanings differed on opposite sides of the Atlantic. And he spelled words as they were commonly spelled in the United States rather than in England. Webster’s purpose in describing the English language as it was used in the United States in these books was two folkfold(两部分的, 双重的). He wanted first to help Americans realized that they did not need to look to England for a standard of correctness as in their own language. This was because the thought that Americans should look to its mother country – England for a standard to good and bad, right and wrong, correct and incorrect was prevrant alent(普遍的, 流行的) in the country at a the time. Second, Webster wanted to foster(培养, 扶植, 鼓励, 促进) a resemble reasonable amount of uniformiaty(一致) in the American English, something that he felt it was quite necessary because of a the lack of standardization in the language at the time. I am sure that you can see from all of this. Just twhat a vital role these books by Webster played an in establishing American English as a language of its own. Was Well, that’s all for today’s class. Tomorrow we’ll be discussing some other important influences on early American English. & @5 `! t/ H) C) i1 u) T- O7 G
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今天早晨8~10点看阅读，10~16点上课，16点~18点口语，突然电脑适配器坏了，18~20点去中关村换适配器，20~22开会，22~23回宿舍洗脸刷牙。。。 看看表，叹息，于是把场景分类总结了一部分到现在。。。
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总的来说，这一天没有完成任务，但是也算是客观原因造成的， ，不过继续努力，明天恢复正常了！加油，为了200万！！！

Mini Test 8 Section 2

Did you get good note from today’s lecture? The lecture on the names of the continents? I think so. Would you want like to compare notes and see if we got the same imformation? That sounds really a good idea to me. I’d really like to make sure I understood everything. I thought with it was interesting how the names of the continents developed. Now,
: T( C. X# t: A1 n  o; u1 Uthat I understand where the names came from. It is easy to sayee why there’s confusionng today about the continents, about whether Europe and Asia are two continents or one, for example. Or Whether the Americas, North and South Americ are two continents or one. WellOr, why Antarctica is a continent but the Arctic isn’t. Exactly. Now, here’s what I wrote in my notes I listed each of the continents and whereat it’s name came from. I like as how you’ve put the information in a chart like that. It makes it very clear for me to understand. In my notes I didn’t list anything in such an orgnized way. Maybe that’s why the information in the lecture isn’t so clear to me. Ok, let’s go over the continents and see if we understand how each name came about. First, we have Europe and Asia. Europe came from s Semitic闪族(语言)的; (今特指)犹太人的word Arabereb which means West. And Asia came from the Semitic language word assu which means East. That’s right. The professor said that the words came from a Semitic language, but the names were actually given to the areas by the Greeks. The Greeks thought that Europe and Asia were two separate continents, one to the West and one to the East. So they gave these two areas of names that meant East and West. And even though it waswith later determined that these two contients were really one land mass(板块：大块的未分离的陆地) the traditional of identifingy them to stingas dis’tinct continents exists continues to this daythe stay. Now, on to the Americas. That’s easy. The Americas were named for the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci. It’s interesting that Vespucci never actually madeked it to North Americ. He explored close tthe coasts of Brazil, Peru and Uruguay. Did Amerigo Vespucci actually make name the continents after himself? No, Vespucci wrote a lot about his travels and scientists signed his works with its his name in latin Americuas. It was a German cartographer(地图制作者, 制图师) who actually put the name of Americus on the mapping he was making. He took the name from the descriptions wroitten by Americus of this travels into the new world. Now, which continents do we still need to discuss? There are Africa, Australia and Antarctica. What about the Arctic? The Arctic isn’t a contient, although the Greeks thought that the Arctic and the Antarctica were both continents. In reality, Antarctica has a landmass, so it is a continent. But the Arctic is a landless with massive of ice, so it is not considered a continent. But the names of both places came from the same word. The word arctikocals in Greeks which means bear. The Arctic is the land of the bears. And Antarctica is opposite the Arctic on the globe, so it is opposite the Arctic. Now what can you tell me about the name of the African continent? The name of for the continent of the Africa came from a Phoenician(腓尼基的, 腓尼基人的) word. The Phoenicians lived on the Eastern shores of the Mediterranean some 3000 years age, and often saledsailed along the Northern coast and of what is now called Africa. That’s right. They came into contact with the Ifri, a culture of people who lived in thise northern area, and the Phoenicians gave the homeland of the Ifri the name Ifrikiya. Over time, the name ienvolved into(发展[进化]) Africa and the area that ist included spread from just Mediterranean coast to cover the entire continent. So, it’s that is.t? We’ve all talked about Europe, and Asia, and the Americas, and Antarctic, and Africa. Hang on there, not so fast. Let’s not forget about Australia.That’s right. I did forget about Australia. Australia was given a latin name by Europeans Terra Australis, which actually means land of itselfthe south. So the modern name of this continent comes from this much older latin name. That’s right. Now, have we covered all the continents? Yes, I think we’ve gotten all of them. And thanks for your help. I think I understand all of this much better now.) m4 d8 b" v0 n" s+ O) ?  o

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自己给自己加油吧！