听力讲义 场景下 人体心理 第一篇P200 第一行......HYPOTHESIS THAT BABIED
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7 ]3 U) A. L9 t5 Z9 @6 W; j听力讲义 场景下 天文 P198 第二篇 第4行 that's probably the fist(应该是first) thing....
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听力讲义 听觉导向地理 第1篇 答案 4和5空之间,少一个空的答案

里面的答案好像有些错误，刚好最近在听这个，把我听的答案（已经参考了horse的答案）发上来，实在不能100%肯定的我做上标记，让horse重听（哈哈），或者各位小马们补充一下了，争取让答案完美的没有一点毛病

Listen to a talk given by a professor of marine biology.
% u: I( C5 i9 w$ U0 {$ y6 QOK, class. As I mentioned at the beginning of this semester, we'll be taking a field trip to the local marina. And that field trip will take place next week. Before we go, there are few things that I'd like to point out to you. Particularly I'd like to talk about barnacles. As we have discussed, a barnacles is a shellfish, usually small, less than an inch length. It is related to the lobsters, shrimp and crab. However, unlike those other shellfish, barnacle is considered ？organisms. That is they are potentially damaging nuisances. You know because they attach themselves to ？, rocks and ship bottoms, as we'll see next week at the marina. And they even attach themselves to other living creatures such as turtles and whales. Now barnacle uses a very powerful cement, it’s a self-made cement to attach themselves. In fact it is one of the most powerful glues known. Paleontologists even discovered fossils from 150 million years ago that have the barnacle still attached. So as you can see it is very, very powerful and long lasting cement. Scientists today are even trying to duplicate that powerful adhesive. Only a few countries use barnacles for food. People in Chile Greece Spain and Italy harvest and eat the clam like goose barnacle. However there is one type of barnacle found here in the United States on west coast. It reaches weight of 3 pounds and actually grows up to 5 inches tall. It tastes a lot like lobsters or crab.
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2 @0 `* x8 L% [8 b[ 本帖最后由 ecarolfly 于 2008-1-24 21:13 编辑 ]

Listen to part of a lecture in the biology class. The professor is discussing birds.
1 j8 v6 t' x  i# J, `& {Birds are sometimes referred to as glorified reptiles. And even though modern birds are structurally very different from reptile, some show minor evidence of their ancestry, like scales on their feet or claws on their toes. However flying reptile disappeared more than 70 million years ago, but birds have obviously managed to survive. You remember that biological success of any group of organism is measured by the number of species and individuals in the group. There are distributions around the world and of course their ability to adapt to all kinds of environmental conditions. On the basis of these criteria birds are considered one of the most successful vertebrate in modern times. Their success means they were probably not only better adapted than reptile for flying but also for life on land and on water.* D. t0 J# ^, d; @- `
But when did the glorification begin and how fast did the changes occur? It was seen logical to assume that some time millions of years ago transitional stages between reptiles and birds existed. And in fact one of the most important clues came with the discovery of the fossils called Archaeopteryx which literally means ancient bird. The Archaeopteryx dates back 150 million years to the Jurassic period. Fortunately the fossils not only included the skeleton but also impressions of the feathers of the wings and the double rare tail feathers. If it were not for these feathers, scientist would have classified it as a reptile because it has many characteristics more like a lizard than a bird. Archaeopteryx is not, however, considered as the ancestor of modern birds. But it probably was deprived from ancestral form that also gave rise to modern birds.
. L( h9 @% W8 u& hUp until the mid 1980s the Archaeopteryx was considered the most ancient of all birds. Then in 1986 a fossil was discovered called Protoavis that show a mixture of dinosaur and bird-like characteristics. But it lived 225 million years ago, about 75 million years before the Archaeopteryx. So clearly the final work is not yet in on the origin of birds.
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Listen to part of a lecture in the biology class.
8 s$ u1 ?2 t, y3 gI'd like to start today's lecture by challenging some of the myth about certain animals considered to be predators of human. Take the case of the wolf. People fear wolf because of tales of how wolf attack and eat people walking through the woods. In fact if you encountered a wolf in the wild, it probably runs away.5 F9 i# R8 s" u9 M1 I7 P

# e* v0 R, U; B1 ^& _Another animal wrongly used to people is the giant octopus. Stories have been told about the terrifying giant octopus attacking and eating an entire ship. But unlike crab or some such, you don't have much to fear for giant octopus even a hungry one. One myth probably gets by such a story concerns the size of the octopus. report that on average it has an arm standard, 2 and a half meters, large certainly, but hardly a ship eating size. Far from being an attacker, the giant octopus has a number of talents that make it especially adapted to escaping. It has no skeletal structure, so despite its large size, it can squeeze to a hole as small as 5 centimeters wide. And if it is caught, for example in the mouth of a shark it can pull away living one or more its arms, they will grow back. Or it's being pursued, its squirts are black ink which some scientist believe takes on the form of another octopus and thus confuses the predator. And if that was not enough, the giant octopus has the chameleon like ability to change his skin color to match its surrounding.
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; f5 B& P+ ?. n. z* _, ~这篇问题好像有点多。。。嗯
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Listen to part of the talk about animal behavior.

As a way of illustrating our discussion of group behavior of animals, we are going to watch which I think would be a fascinating video about eland, one of the 2 major species of antelope in Africa. They live in herds about 200 individuals. But first, let's go over some of the general advantages animals get from group association. Probably the most important advantage is defense against predators. Simply being in a group decreases the chances that any individuals will be the victim of the predator. Cooperated defense further increases the chances of survivor for individuals and species. You'll see in the video that when the herds are attacked by the hyenas the elands deliberately drive their young into the center of tightly patched group, the center being safer than the periphery. The herd act in a way that increases the chances of survival of the offspring. Cooperate defense may even take the form of offence. Many spices of small birds will join together in groups to attack predators like owls and hawks. Another advantage to live in the groups is commonsense notion that many eyes are better than a single pair. It has been demonstrated that large herds detect predators at greater distance than do individuals. Of course there is a down side to live in groups also. But let's watch the video before we get into that.6 e8 s6 Z0 [+ _& O$ z7 I

Listen to part of the lecture in a health science class.
5 a* Y" G6 o7 ~1 @; EThe professor will be discussing a solution to a health problem caused by a certain parasite that sometimes invades humans.
. P- x  Z8 O% oA parasite is an organism that lives in or on another organism, called the host. During the talk listen for where the parasite normally lives, how the parasite infects and harms humans, how the proposed solution is supposed to work.
* E! L8 V# j7 |$ hLet's look at another way that heath agencies finding parasitic diseases. One alternative to drugs and pesticides is the use of biotical agency. In other words, if the parasite is causing problems, you find something that eats the parasite itself or something that eat the parasite normal host, then you turn that something lose in the parasite's habitat. For example, consider the SCHISTOSOMIASIS. Schistosomisasis is the infection with the parasite worm called SCHISTOSOME. normally the host for the s worm is a kind of fresh water snail. But in the African country Kenya the worm frequently infects humans who are exposed to water from ponds where the snail lives. The contact commonly occurs when people get their cattle water or wash their clothes in ponds. In fact in about 2 million Kenyans mostly children are infected. Once inside the human host, the worm lays eggs and these can result in internal bleeding, fever, fatigue and sometimes death. The snails are still necessary as hosts though because s.' eggs can only hatch inside snails. Now if you are already infected, you can take a drug to kill the worms. But the drug is expensive and it's easy to get re-infected when you go back to the ponds. Instead researchers are trying to eliminate the worm's normal host the snail by introducing Louisiana crayfish into the ponds where the worms and snails live. Now as you can see a crayfish looks like miniature lobsters and it loves to eat snails. Snail shells are rich in calcium which crayfish need for their own shell. And crayfish are already abundant in their nature Kenya rivers, they are imported there in early 1970s and they are easy to find. So crayfish could end up being perfect way to be used as a cheap and affective way to reduce. If they do though, it would be the first time that a biological agent has been successfully used to control a parasite.

Listen to a conversation between 2 students.

I think you would have enjoyed my geology class this morning.

Don't bet on it. I've never cared much about rocks.

But you do care about dinosaurs that I recall. And today we discuss the geological evidence about what may have killed off the dinosaurs, at least here in North America.

Oh sure. They got hit by a comet or something, I think.

Oh well yeah. About 60 million years ago, a huge comet did crash into earth, down in Mexico.

And it plowed out as an enormous crater, over 100 miles across.

That's what why death the dinosaurs, Right?

Well, it wasn't exactly the impact itself, but what happened right afterward. You see researchers figure out from the shape of the crater that the comet must have come in pretty low across the Atlantic. And so right after the impact, a huge cloud of fire
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must be swept clear across the North America. All in just a few minutes. And that would probably kill off not just the dinosaurs, but a lot of different species of plants and animals.

Amazing.

Yeah. And even 2000 miles from the impact, plants would be burst in the flames.

And the fire that intense must destroy just about everything.* j: U5 L. ?" _, S

Well, above ground, anyway.

Above ground? Say, I wonder if that explains why the dinosaurs all disappeared, but some other animals like maybe small mammals living underground managed to survive.

Make sense. Anyhow later on the tons of dust that thrown away out into the atmosphere may have caused some global climate change. So eventually the comet probably affected the plants and animals species all around the world, but nowhere as much as in North America.
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Listen to part of a lecture in the class on earth science.

We have been talking about some of the affects that human being so act on the earth. One that you may not be aware is that we've actually begun to change the length of a day. The other we say one day is the amount of time that the earth needs to spin completely around on its axis--the imaginary line that runs through the centre of the earth, from north to south. And of course there are a lot of physical forces that can affect the speed of the earth rotation. But there is only one that direct result of human activity. Since 1950 human beings have built about 10,000 artificial reservoirs all over the world. These reservoirs have redistributed a tremendous amount of the earth water. One of the used to be areas near the equator that the imaginary line runs around the middle of the earth is now reservoirs of areas of different latitude. The latitude matters because, well， think of the earth and its axis, the equator contains the areas on earth that is the furthest way from its axis. So water has been redistributed for a// reasons, then wherever the reservoir is, it is closer to the earth axis. It's like one ice skater performs spins. When those ice skaters put their arms enclose to their bodies, they spin faster. So the earth has been spinning faster because the reservoirs have redistributed the water closer to its axis. And because the earth has been spinning faster since 1950, the length of a day has decrease by about 8 millionth of a second. I know that doesn't sound like much but significant that this is the first time that human beings ever have a measurable effect on the earth motion.' N- M. B$ R  G. c5 n2 \* t
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还是绿色部分不确定~
; u# g+ k% B0 h2 c- q1 _4 Q  c讲义上的错的都改过来了

Listen to a talk given by a professor of
9 ?5 ~2 M7 `' j* X- D4 f/ h. |. R$ fMeteorology.

First of all, let's look at why temperature tends to be higher in the city than the rural area. This happens because almost 50% of urban areas are comprised of hard surfaces, like paved streets, parking lots, buildings and roof tops. As a result, any amount of rain falls is quickly repelled by theses surfaces, carried away by storm drains and gutters. Especially water just doesn't have a chance to stand around until evaporate and during the process of evaporation that heat is removed from the air. So in cities where there is less evaporation, temperatures will be higher. And then of course there is also the issue of added heat coming from buildings of heating system, from industries, cars and even human body. Even within the city itself temperatures can vary significantly. For example, in winter, streets that get a lot of use will be 2 or 3 degrees warmer than less traveled streets. And places where cars sit for a while like stoplights can be in another 3 degrees warmer. On the other hand, low spots in the city where cold air collect will be much colder than higher places. Rain and snowfall are also affected by urbanization. Cites tend to get slightly less snowfalls than the surrounding countryside because of the warmer temperatures in the city. But rainfall in the cities can be 5 to 10 percent higher. This happens because of 2 factors--first, the warmer city temperatures, second the larger number of the dust particles in the urban air. It seems dust particles are important requirements for condensation. The water vapor in the atmosphere as they were able to change to liquid by planning to dust particles suspended in the air. So where there is a higher number of dust particle, condensation takes place more easily. That's why fog and cloud are usually more frequent around city. Once condensation takes place, rainfall is not far behind. In the London area for example, thunderstorms can produce 30 percent more rainfall than the surrounding countryside. Some urban climatologists go so far as they argue that they can see a pattern increasing rainfall during the workweek. They believe rainfall amounts are small on weekend because dust particles generated by cars and factories are reduced.
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