【转帖】如何看清托福长难句的结构关系
Part IV：一个句子一个句号的概念
% h( b7 J& z6 L- f: f" { 理论上讲，一个句子一个句号，但是，实际中会有几个甚至多个句子摆放在一起共享一个句号。此时应该怎么办呢？
3 M& W9 N0 s4 n9 r. u: G 答案很简单：标记清楚这些句子间的逻辑关系。有两种：' I' V2 s0 Q! n* h& ?
1.并列关系示例& s) G2 [# l# C( N$ H; h) Z$ [& K- {
示例1：I sat down beside her. I said nothing.
: R& x; G; N) ]3 Y7 {1 Z( s 变为：I sat down beside her and I said nothing.) b" ]7 o% F5 }4 J+ }$ @
示例2：He asked me a question. I answered him.
: H$ j( M' j0 d) U- J 变为：He asked me a question and I answered him.; A' J6 I: ^0 C+ S1 r& G" ^/ i" @
2.从属关系
5 S& |0 D k2 D" r1 l 1)运用各类从句，形成主从符合句，包括：
* E1 x) D: z+ L3 T# W! d+ i 状语从句
# D" r# @' |# i3 |2 z 宾语从句
& T% L! B3 f- ] U6 J- B: v; L 定语从句2 W$ ]$ k; l5 {7 m% _* M3 c& w
主语从句
6 v0 ?- E7 \8 O- D) d8 l 同位语从句" d0 L8 ~& s1 U- @2 M
2)运用非谓语动词类进行从属方式的处理，包括：- f p6 a' `% @2 O1 M9 T
动词的ing形式; Y5 e6 o6 j6 u; e$ U6 H
动词的过去分词形式: b0 U$ g2 S7 F: s
动词不定式形式
+ w2 J3 b' g% Y3 k( n5 ` 从属关系示例(以状语从句为例)
0 b. S. b& x! ]3 @' T% K 示例1：When he asked me a question, I answered him.9 k& @7 S5 m$ ^/ F5 T
示例2：I was so angry that I beat him up!* _8 S( ]. ~! \9 R
示例3：If you ask me ‘why’, I will answer ‘because’!
. ?3 `, [1 w2 Z2 `/ Z4 \8 N- A 示例4：Since you are not feeling well, just lie down and take a good rest. `! Q! B9 I/ @5 d
示例5：Although I have tried my best, I can’t win her heart. , @ n& Y6 Y% V3 d3 Y# R) q* r6 M+ C
示例6：Wherever I am, I will be thinking of you.3 R6 m1 U! Y8 s7 d; i. @
示例7：I went out very early in the morning so that I could avoid the rush hour traffic.
% {6 G( \* \% o5 Y e3 u1 ~ 非谓语动词方式处理示例
1 I. H. V2 c( { 示例1：I sat beside her. I felt very nervous./ P/ }+ M8 O1 n8 q
可变为：Sitting beside her, I felt very nervous.5 J. f# z' v& s; T; ]5 ?' g
或者：I sat beside her, feeling very nervous.) l" T' I7 a5 X5 @. Z# c
示例2：I want to quit smoking. I eat candies.
1 x; E/ \/ I0 J 可变为：To quit smoking, I eat candies.) M2 C3 r/ F$ [& S8 t' W, Z
示例3：A young man was tired of sleeping on the floor. He saved up for years to buy a real bed.
3 ~8 j2 _' C- f3 M; \9 E5 m' G 可以变为：Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man saved up for years to buy a real bed.+ s' t! R! N* @7 L
示例4：Jimmy was dressed up as Father Christmas. He was accompanied by a guard of honor of six pretty girls. He set off down the main street of the city. He rode a baby elephant. The elephant was called Jumbo.
6 w7 s4 x% v8 U 可以变为：Dressed up as Father Christmas and accompanied by a guard of honor of six pretty girls, Jimmy set off down the main street of the city, riding a baby elephant called Jumbo.8 q s7 v7 E9 U, u: G+ P
定语从句方式处理
! x, R$ F& q7 H 定语从句当然是属于“从属”的行列，所以，是处理为从属方式的手段之一。请看下面的例子：
8 ]. `, }' m1 n% h" ] This is the only book.. M: F# t9 H: U. t9 q, U
I read the book during the holiday. / `8 Q; K, Z. ]
两句的重合点在the book上面；将第二句中的the book抽出来，放到第一句book后面，其它内容向后甩。这样，我们就会看到the only book后面马上又在重复the book。为了避免重复，我们去掉the book，而换用另外一个词去替换，这个词就是指物的which或that。因为这里的book有only在修饰，所以，最终我们选用that；又因为that在定语从句中作宾语，所以，可以省略。! k# R1 K: z a1 X
下面两句的合并遵循同样的原则：
; I5 l3 \' @) x6 Y0 O* J$ ] She is the girl.1 c& k) z" n+ ^$ ?, E7 [
The girl’s father is my boss.
' S: p G/ r( K ==>She is the girl whose father is my boss.
! }4 _! |" R+ L" J6 l& d 我们预热几个组成复杂句的句型：
, T9 }0 F* T3 h *…, but…结构(表转折关系)
: u0 w2 t# ^9 ]& e6 n& Y4 `7 X *…, for…结构(表原因关系)! [7 A5 o% n' r0 z, n
*…, so…结构(表结果关系); _* j8 G+ m9 C. m1 z7 H+ ]
*…(,/;/.)however,…结构(表更强烈的转折关系)7 O. \6 |- {' z( F% G
*…(,/;/.) therefore,…结构(更强烈的结果关系)
5 ~) W1 `9 u, U6 w+ R5 x" } *…(,/;/.)meanwhile,…结构(表时间关系)( q, n+ {$ J+ ~9 ?( R
这些基本知识构成了：8 o1 J0 }$ g3 ]& ?& _9 m+ @% M
*1)简单句合并复杂句+ _& B7 u9 v( d. ~# h1 B' L! G
*2)复杂句拆分为简单句
) G1 D }$ `. n7 A6 m 由“分到合”，由“合到分”的“基石”！
