Passage 100
' m3 e- q0 x9 m5 Y- [8 u Of all modern instruments, the violin is apparently one of the simplest. It consists in essence of a hollow, varnished wooden sound box, or resonator, and a long neck, covered with a fingerboard, along which four strings are stretched at high tension. The beauty of design, shape, and decoration is no accident: the proportions of the instrument are determined almost entirely by acoustical considerations. Its simplicity of appearance is deceptive. About 70 parts are involved in the construction of a violin. Its tone and its outstanding range of expressiveness make it an ideal solo instrument. No less important, however, is its role as an orchestral and chamber instrument.In combination with the larger and deeper-sounding members of the same family, the violins form the nucleus of the modern symphony orchestra. v, L5 V6 j. v
The violin has been in existence since about 1550. Its importance as an instrument in its own right dates from the early 1600’s, when it first became standard in Italian opera orchestras. Its stature as an orchestral instrument was raised further when in 1626 Louis XIII of France established at his court the orchestra known as Les vingt-quatre violins du Roy (The King’s 24 Violins), which was to become widely famous later in the century." ~3 o" B0 g( P
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In its early history, the violin had a dull and rather quiet tone resulting from the fact that the strings were thick and were to the body of the instrument very loosely. During the eighteenth and nineteenth century, exciting technical changes were inspired by such composer-violinists as Vivaldi and Tartini. Small changes had to be made to the violin’s internal structure and to the fingerboard so that they could withstand the extra strain. Accordingly, a higher standard of performance was achieved, Their instrumental compositions demanded a fuller, clearer, and more brilliant tone that was produced by using thinner strings and a far higher string tension.in terms of both facility and interpretation. Left-hand technique was considerably elaborated, and new fingering patterns on the fingerboard were developed for very high notes.% z* r _& @( ]! ?% i: ~
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Vivaldi
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. ]" C' o* X. }2 C( K# r维瓦尔第，安东尼奥·卢希奥: (一六75-1741) 意大利作曲家和小提琴家。以他充满活力的协奏曲最 有名，尤其是一组小提琴协奏曲《四个季节》 （1725年）+ O' \1 ^8 L7 H' t* [# y% E
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Tartini
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D/ \% j( [2 z塔蒂尼，乔西皮：意大利小提琴家与作曲家，他改善了琴弓的设计，在帕多瓦创办一小提琴学校（1728年），并对音调及和声进行了开创性的研究（1754年），因此而闻名# |/ i e- c, K
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1.No less important, however, is its role as an orchestral and chamber instrument
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2.In combination with the larger and deeper-sounding members of the same family, the violins form the nucleus of the modern symphony orchestra.
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3.The violin has been in existence since about 1550. Its importance as an instrument in its own right dates from the early 1600’s, when it first became standard in Italian opera orchestras.! n s% a) Q w3 Y7 E* \% D
6 B, L2 p1 U2 V! ^" J \4.Its stature as an orchestral instrument was raised further when in 1626 Louis XIII of France established at his court the orchestra known as Les vingt-quatre violins du Roy (The King’s 24 Violins), which was to become widely famous later in the century.( m7 x, q- U4 e5 i# |/ \6 ]+ D; r
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5.Their instrumental compositions demanded a fuller, clearer, and more brilliant tone that was produced by using thinner strings and a far higher string tension. 8 s2 v |0 N1 G. k2 D
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6.in terms of both facility$ @1 @9 W: k9 F7 d I1 I
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Passage 99
' g% Q3 U' Z' l Scientists have discovered that for the last 1600000years ,at least ,there has been a Consistent relationship between theamount of carbon dioxide in the air and the average Temperature of theplanet .The importance of carbon dioxide in regulating the Earth’stemperature was confirmed by scientists working in eastern Antarctica .Drilling down into a glacier ,they extracted a mile-long cylinder of ice from the hole .Theglacier had formed as layer upon layer of snow accumulated year afteryear .Thus drilling into the ice was tantamount to drilling backthrough time.
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The deepest sections of the core are composed of water that fell(fall) as snow 1600,000 Years ago.Scientistsin Grenoble , France fractured portions of the core and measured thecomposition of ancient air released from bubbles in the ice.Instrumentswere used to measure the ratio of certain isotopes in the frozen waterto get an idea of the prevailing atmospheric temperature at the timewhen that particular bit of water became locked in the glacier.4 i N8 u; h- z3 @
+ v' Y6 L7 H. C8 Q! w5 l1 \8 D* J The result is a remarkable unbroken record of temperature and ofatmospheric levels of carbon dioxide .Almost every time the chill of anice age descended on the planet，carbon dioxide levels dropped .
' t$ e5 p4 P4 }1 s* AWhenthe global temperature dropped 9,carbon dioxide levels dropped to 190parts per million or so ,Generally ,as each ice age ended and the Earthbasked in a warm interglacial period ,carbon dioxide levels were around280 parts per million .Through the 160,000 years of that ice record,the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fluctuated between 190and 280 parts per million but never rose(rise) much higher—until theIndustrial Revolution beginning in the eighteenth century andcontinuing today.% H8 ^) y# G: r+ o T
There is indirect evidence that the linkbetween carbon dioxide levels and global temperature change goes backmuch further than the glacial record.Carbon dioxide levels may havebeen much greater than the current concentration during thecarboniferous period ,360 to 285 million years ago .The period wasnamed for a profusion of plant life whose buried remains produced alarge fraction of the coal deposits that are being brought to surfaceand burned today.
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; K# B5 V8 P9 Z& l& J/ ]6 hvGrenoble
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- Z2 {* I) K& S+ IA city ofsoutheast France on the Isère River south-southwest of Chambéry. Anancient Roman city, Grenoble is a noted tourist and skiing center andwas the site of the 1968 Winter Olympics. Population, 156,637.; D$ \# r. M: U. I3 K
格勒诺布尔：法国东南部一城市，位于伊泽尔河上，在尚贝里西南偏南。格勒诺布尔是一座罗马时期就已建立的古城，现在是闻名的旅游和滑雪胜地。1968 年冬季奥运会在此召开。 人口156,637
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1.Drilling down into a glacier ,they extracted a mile-long cylinder of ice from the hole .
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2.The deepest sections of the core are composed of water that fell(fall) as snow 1600,000 Years ago
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3.Scientistsin Grenoble , France fractured portions of the core and measured thecomposition of ancient air released from bubbles in the ice.
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8 T6 n% q2 P+ _: m c4.Instrumentswere used to measure the ratio of certain isotopes in the frozen waterto get an idea of the prevailing atmospheric temperature at the timewhen that particular bit of water became locked in the glacier.; F& L- o8 F7 o- M. D: y/ `
( l6 m3 _0 B4 j6 Z- f5 j" h5.Thereis indirect evidence that the link between carbon dioxide levels andglobal temperature change goes back much further than the glacialrecord.
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# \6 d5 ]8 l$ \( K: o- J6.The period was named fora profusion of plant life whose buried remains produced a largefraction of the coal deposits that are being brought to surface andburned today.
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% z" M9 g& h Kpassage 98/ E- x! \% ?' _' ^2 Q6 B5 k: s
Naturalists and casual observers alike have beenstruck(strike) by the special relationship between squirrels and acornsthe seeds of oak trees .Ecologists ,though ,cannot observe theseenergetic mammals scurrying up and down oak trees and eating andburying acorns without wondering about their complex relationship withtrees. Are squirrels dispersers and planters of oak forests or peskyseed predators ?The answer is not simple .Squirrels may devour manyacorns, but by storing and failing to recover up to 74 percent of themas they do when seeds are abundant,these arboreal rodents can also aidregeneration and dispersal of the oaks.% y% L1 q/ o! o$ i/ h. V4 l, m& j2 P
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Theirdestructive powers are well documented. According to one report ,squirrels destroyed tens of thousands of fallen acorns from an oakstand on University of Indiana campus.A professor there estimatedthat each of the large 1white oaks had produced between two and eightthousand acorns, but within weeks of seed maturity , hardly an intactacorn could be found among the fallen leaves.
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/ x$ k; Y8 ?: X$ p# _0 i Deer,turkey ,wild pigs ,and bears also feed heavily on acorns, but do notstore them ,and are therefore of no benefit to the trees .Flyingsquirrels ,chipmunks ,and mice are also unlikely to promote treedispersal, as they often store seeds in tree cavities and undergroundburrows .Only squirrels-whose behavior of caching hiding acorns jays,important long-distance dispersers, seem to help oaks spread andreproduce.9 W& D2 @ Z( H
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Among squirrels, though, there is a particularlypuzzling behavior pattern. Squirrels pry off the caps of acorns, bitethrough the shells to get at the nutritious inner kernels, and thendiscard them half-eaten. The ground under towering oaks id often littered with thousands of half-eaten acorns ,each one only bitten from the top.Why would any animal waste so much time and energy and risk exposure tosuch predators as red tail hawks only to leave a large part of eachacorn uneaten?While research is not conclusive at this point, one thingthat is certain is that squirrels do hide some of the uneaten portions,and these acorn halves ,many of which contain the seeds, may later germinate.
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4 O/ _2 v) c' G0 F9 w4 ^1.Squirrelsmay devour many acorns, but by storing and failing to recover up to 74percent of them as they do when seeds are abundant,these arborealrodents can also aid regeneration and dispersal of the oaks.
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- t: o! O- ]+ k h# r" ^7 o8 K2 O2.Aprofessor there estimated that each of the large 1white oaks hadproduced between two and eight thousand acorns, but within weeks ofseed maturity , hardly an intact acorn could be found among the fallenleaves.
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3.The ground under towering oaks id often littered with thousands of half-eaten acorns ,each one only bitten from the top. 5 T2 q3 p+ |7 j5 x
9 z' B) ]+ J- w. ?, x) i4.many of which contain the seeds
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passage 97
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The Moon, which has undergone(undergo) a distinct and complex geological history, presents a striking appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria(dark lowlands) and the Terrace(bright highlands).The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability of reflecting light)of these two terrains suggested to many early observers that the two terrains might have different compositions, and this supposition was confirmed by missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo . One of the most obvious differences between the terrains is the smoothness of the Maria in contrast to the roughness of the highlands. This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters :the highlands are completely covered by large craters (greater than 40-50 km in diameter),while the craters of the Maria tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moons craters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.4 D6 k: J: X* i, v* E
Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic pictures years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface.Close observation of craters combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight led to(lead to) the understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, that overlies the solid rock of the moon .telescopic images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array of land forms.
( L# R/ {4 H! o/ pCraters were studied for clues to their origin :the large wispy marks were seen. Strange ,sinuous features were observed in the Maria. Although various land forms were catalogued the majority of astronomers’ attention was fixed on craters and their origins.# w# C" @( Q1 p" M
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Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as they increase in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively simply shapes .they have rim crests that are elevated above the surrounding terrain ,smooth, bowl-shaped interiors and depths that are about one –sixth their diameters .the complexity of shape increases for larger craters.2 C. ~1 Y9 Z# b
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1.presents a striking appearance; X* W: Z6 {' O8 A- P V
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2.Surveyor and Apollo
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3.years before the age of space exploration
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/ `9 I1 ?; C4 p3 s! i2 A- p1 R4.as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface3 }1 t/ l% `, x0 e
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5.led to(lead to) the understanding% a4 o7 S% B- Z
% \) E, b. |* N6.images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array of land forms.
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4 c D6 R" n, F7.Craters were studied for clues to their origin :the large wispy marks were seen. Strange ,sinuous features were observed in the Maria. ) q" L ?" X5 F* c
2 ] Y, p; m7 f# c6 {; B8.Although various land forms were catalogued the majority of astronomers’ attention was fixed on craters and their origins.
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The Homestead Act of 1862 gave heads of families or individuals aged twenty-one or older the right to own 160 acres of public land in the western United States after five years of residence and improvement 《宅地法》规定，凡一家之长或年满21岁，均可领取总数不超过160英亩宅地，登记人在宅地上居住并耕种满5年，就可成为土地的所有者9 Q% \& h6 Q6 N4 J1 W& [2 S \
This law was intended to provide land for small farmers and to prevent land from bought for resale at a profit or being owned by large land holders . an early amendment to the act even prevented husbands and wives from filing(file) separate claims. The west ,land reformers had assumed, would soon contain many 160-acre family farms./ t7 k# u- ?8 y6 V! t
2 ?; Z$ p4 @) L# K They were doomed to disappointment .Most landless Americans were too poor to become farmers even when they could obtain land without cost .The expense of moving a family to the ever-receding frontier exceeded the means of many , and the cost of tools, draft animals, a wagon, a well ,fencing ,and of building the simplest house ,might come to S1,000 –a formidable barrier.As for the industrial workers for whom the free land was supposed to provide a “ safety valve,” they had neither the skills nor the inclination to become farmers. Homesteaders usually came from districts not far removed from frontier and despite the intent of the law(不论法律有何意图) ,speculators often managed to obtain large tracts . they hired people to stake out claims, falsely swear that they had fulfilled the conditions laid（lay lie） down in the law for obtaining legal title,and then deed the land over to their employers.
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- t0 l6 F# Y1 o0 B) Y! d Furthermore,160 acres were not enough for raising(raise) livestock or for the kind of commercial agriculture that was developing west of he Mississippi. The national government made a feeble attempt to make larger holdings available to homesteaders by passing the Timber Culture act of 1873 ,which permitted individuals to claim an additional 160 acres if they would agree to plant a quarter of it in trees within ten years. Thos law proved helpful to some farmers in the largely treeless states of Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas. (Nevertheless, fewer than 25 percent of the 245,000 who took up(take up) land under the Act obtained final title to the property. )
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1.an early amendment to the act even prevented husbands and wives from filing(file) separate claims. / t/ V7 |8 E X
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2.The west ,land reformers had assumed, would soon contain many 160-acre family farms.4 d9 f8 ^. W% r" J/ t, c
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3.the ever-receding frontier exceeded the means of many
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8 g5 o8 o3 N, A5 w( X/ b8 d5 G! b$ b4.whom the free land was supposed to provide a “ safety valve,”
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5.Homesteaders usually came from districts not far removed from frontier
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6.The national government made a feeble attempt to make larger holdings available to homesteaders by passing the Timber Culture act of 1873 ,which permitted individuals to claim an additional 160 acres if they would agree to plant a quarter of it in trees within ten years.
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f3 Z% ?0 a q. g' u背景知识:1862年美国南北战争期间由第16届总统A.林肯颁布的一项旨在无偿分配美国西部国有土地给广大移民的法令。它是美国历史上一项著名的经济措施。又译“份地法”、“移居法”。
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美国独立后，联邦政府对西部土地实行国有化，并决定按地段分块出售，以增加政府的收入，偿还国债和满足土地投机者的要求。但出售土地单位面积大、价格高，西部移民无力购买，因而展开了长期争取无偿分配土地的斗争。由于南部奴隶主的阻挠，直到内战前，无偿授予移民土地的法案均被参议院否决。( k% Q2 a8 Q2 s! R2 |- F- y8 }# s
2 I, L7 l) j: G1 _; y) F 南部奴隶主的政治代表退出国会后，林肯政府得以实现共和党提出的宅地纲领，国会众议院和参议院于1862年2月28日和5月6日先后通过了宅地法。5月20日林肯颁布此项法令。
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% w, Z6 Q; R/ I8 h: M6 d: e《宅地法》规定，凡一家之长或年满21岁、从未参加叛乱之合众国公民，在宣誓获得土地是不了垦殖目的并缴纳10美元费用后，均可登记领取总数不超过160 英亩宅地，登记人在宅地上居住并耕种满5年，就可获得土地执照而成为该项宅地的所有者。《宅地法》还规定一项折偿条款，即如果登记人提出优先购买的申请，可于6个月后，以每英亩1.25美元的价格购买之。这一条款后来被土地投机者所利用。
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/ R4 \- }% P" S 《宅地法》生效后，又陆续通过一些带有补充性质的法令。如1873年的《育林法》，1877年的荒漠法。据统计，依据《宅地法》及其补充法令，联邦政府到1950年有2.5亿英亩土地授予移民。5 U5 x% h/ f6 i- j' i
, X5 F$ H* m3 Z! y* c( V《宅地法》在一定程度上满足了西部垦殖农民的土地要求，确立了小农土地所有制，从而为美国农业资本主义的发展创造了有利条件。它的实施也鼓舞了西部农民反对南部奴隶主的斗争，遏制了奴隶制种植园向西扩展。在美国内战中，西部农民为联邦军队输送了半数以上的士兵，并提供了充足的粮食，对北方取得战争的胜利起了重要的作用。
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j' ? d: o/ P- {3 ]3 B Pheromones are substances that serve as chemical signals between members of the same species. They are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals of the species to have specific reactions .Pheromones , which are sometimes called "social hormones," affect a group of individuals somewhat
like hormones do an individual animal. Pheromones are the predominant medium of communication among insects(but rarely the sole method). Some species have simple pheromone systems and produce only a few pheromones, but others produce many with various functions. Pheromone systems are the most complex in some of so-called social insects, insects that live in organized groups.
1 n7 S8 z% x- z/ r- n$ h Chemical communication differs from that by sight or sound in several ways. Transmission is relatively slow(the chemical signals are usually airborne), but the signal can be persistent ,depending upon the volatility of the chemical, and is sometimes effective over a very long range .Localization of the signal is generally poorer than localization of a sound or visual stimulus and is
usually effected by the animal's moving upwind in response to the stimulus. The ability to modulate a chemical signal is limited, compared with communication by visual or acoustic means,
but some pheromones may convey different meanings and consequently result in different behavioral or physiological responses, depending on their concentration or when presented in combination. The modulation of chemical signals occurs via the elaboration of the number of exocrine glands that produce pheromones. Some species, such as ants ,seem to be very articulate creatures, but their medium of communication is difficult for humans to study and appreciate because of our own olfactory , insensitivity and the technological difficulties in detecting and analyzing these pheromones.
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Pheromones play numerous roles in the activities of insects. They may act as alarm substances ,play a role in individual and group recognition ,serve as attractants between sexes, mediate the formation of aggregations，
identify foraging trails,
and be involved in caste determination . for example ,pheromones involved in caste determination include the
“queen substances” produced by queen honey bees. Aphids which are particularly vulnerable to predators because of their gregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete an alarm pheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving away.
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3.but some pheromones may convey different meanings and consequently result in different behavioral or physiological responses, depending on their concentration or when presented in combination.
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4.The modulation of chemical signals occurs via the elaboration of the number of exocrine glands that produce pheromones. U$ a2 h1 n% `6 u( s0 S+ a5 }
. ]" t: w0 U+ v+ `) p* b6 [/ E5. identify foraging trails, and be involved in caste determination . ' n' N* w3 C4 u) M
# j9 |/ @% {/ V4 ?6 p; E6.queen substances” produced by queen honey bees. Aphids which are particularly vulnerable to predators because of their gregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete an alarm pheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving away.- Y- J; _$ L: |" d& T4 h3 e
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Passage 94
6 Z- s' w! Q! d+ j* K' q( \! S Industrialization came to the United State after 1790
as
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3 n0 X6 J9 H6 G# [8 ?North American entrepreneurs entrepreneur increased productivity by reorganizing
work and building factories .These innovations in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year—30 percent
over the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury
items became part of everyday life.
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; i" |: c7 [ \3 k) S' t8 j The impressive gain in output
stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods. Since the 1790"s, North American entrepreneurs—even without technological improvements—had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by owns, whereas distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process. For example ,during the 1820"s and 1830"s the shoe industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of the outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women,paid(pay) according to the amount they produced, fabricated the “uppers” of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts previously journeymen would have made the entire shoe. This system of production made the employer a powerful “shoes boss” and eroded workers’ control over the pace and conditions of labor. However ,it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price.1 c4 {$ R2 ]6 H6 B* Z) X
( V l V# p* r+ E" z For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even more important new organization, the modern factory , which used power-driven machines and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 the prolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill ,cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour, and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it descended into barrels. Subsequently ,manufacturers made use of new improved stationary steam engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the nation’s largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager customers.8 D7 k" Y: e: U) L* `, Q
$ l! i' F- R+ ?3 T. g/ f, FMassachusetts马萨诸塞(旧译麻省, 美国州名)
+ _" c. ^ n( ^" e; ?1 S: S2 KMas.sa.chu.setts
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A state of the northeast United States. It was admitted as one of the original Thirteen Colonies in 1788. The first settlement was made by the Pilgrims of theMayflower in 1620. Governed by the Massachusetts Bay Company from 1629 until 1684, the colony was a leader in the move for independence from Great Britain and the site of the first battles of the Revolutionary War in 1775. Boston is the capital and the largest city. Population, 6,029,051.
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Delaware美国东部的)特拉华(州)
# G4 |( f9 B2 i' V; y% rAbbr. DE,Del.A state of the eastern United States on the Atlantic Ocean. It was admitted as the first of the original Thirteen Colonies in 1787. Settled by the Dutch in 1631 and by Swedes in 1638, the region passed to England in 1664. It was part of William Penn's Pennsylvania grant from 1682 until 1776. Dover is the capital and Wilmington the largest city. Population, 668,696.
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A city of central Ohio north of Columbus. Rutherford B. Hayes was born here. Population, 20,030.
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Oliver Evans奥利弗埃文斯 美国发明家
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journeymen临时工
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1. even without technological improvements/ ^! q2 ~8 g9 @$ l4 x5 G
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2.whereas distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process. - Q, P. R/ h" a
2 ?8 W/ G2 n" S6 D3.scale and extend of the outwork system
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4.fabricated the “uppers” of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen临时工 shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts previously journeymen would have made the entire shoe. 3 b; \8 j o, S' K* z
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5.cutting their price
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: [! b w& t. J1 w6.His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill ,cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour, and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it descended into barrels' m' r4 @5 _1 f) v) Q
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7.有些小词 不明白在文中的意思:
' c% r' W! K; x" Z) Cas work over items stemmed way even
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$ h- I. t. P7 UPassage 93
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In 1900 the United States had only three cities with more than a million residents—New York ,Chicago, and Philadelphia.
By 1930 ,it had ten giant metropolises. The newer ones experienced remarkable growth, which reflected basic changes in the economy.
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0 W5 h+ k# K6 C2 `# C. _/ d The population of Los Angeles ( 114,000 in 1900) rose spectacularly in the early decades of the twentieth century , increasing a dramatic 1,400 percent from 1900 to 1930 . A number of circumstances contributed to the meteoric rise of Los Angeles. The agricultural potential of the area was enormous if water for irrigation could be found, and the city founders had the vision and dating to obtain it by constructing a 225- mile aqueduct, completed in 1913 ,to tap the water of the
Owens River.
The city had a superb natural harbor, as well as excellent rail connections. The climate made it possible to shoot motion pictures year-round ; hence Hollywood
. Hollywood not only supplied jobs; it disseminated an image of the good life in Southern
California on screens all across the nation, The most important single industry powering the growth of
Los Angeles, however ,was directly linked to the automobile. The demand for petroleum to fuel gasoline engines led to the opening of the Southern California oil fields ,and made Los Angeles North America’s greatest refining center.
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Los Angeles was a product of the auto age in another sense as well: its distinctive spatial organization depended on widespread private ownership of automobiles. Los Angeles was a decentralized metropolis ,sprawling across the desert landscape over an area of 400 square miles. It was a city without a real center .The downtown business district ded not grow apace with the city as a whole, and the rapid transit system designed to link the center with
outlying areas withered away from disuse. Approximately 800, 000 cars were registered in Los Angeles County in 1930 , one per 2.7 residents .Some visitors form the east coast were dismayed at the endless urban sprawl and dismissed Los Angeles as a mere collection of suburbs in search of a city .But the freedom and mobility of a city built on wheels attracted floods of migrants to the city.
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: R4 Z+ ]: ?4 \( N1.The city had a superb natural harbor, as well as excellent rail connections+ q" S8 v3 M _, j$ ~" l" O- ], P
( M' K4 D( M ?8 M: C" M2. Los Angeles was a product of the auto age in another sense as well: its distinctive spatial organization depended on widespread private ownership of automobiles.
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# w% a5 \/ r% U' |$ r3.outlying areas withered away from disuse
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4.one per 2.7 residents .Some visitors form the east coast were dismayed at the endless urban sprawl and dismissed Los Angeles as a mere collection of suburbs in search of a city / o2 s: t- _1 i( M* \
8 q8 F6 f) n1 S- ^/ \% n+ a {" B. d一个在93中用法解释让人茫然的小词--->
By
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背景相关:专贴:美国城市的过去
http://www.xiaomaguohe.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=9315&extra=page%3D1&frombbs=1CaliforniaCal.i.for.nia
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A district of Los Angeles, California. Consolidated with Los Angeles in 1910, it has long been a film and entertainment center.
4 q5 D- z6 M( D0 C: M& m1 F好莱坞：美国加利福尼亚州洛杉矶的一个区，于1910年并入洛杉矶，长期以来是电影和
娱乐中心
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A city of southeast Florida on the Atlantic Ocean north of Miami Beach. It is a resort and retirement community with varied light industries. Population, 121,697.
8 A: v; Y& t2 h: U3 H好莱坞：美国佛罗里达州东南部一城市，临近大西洋，位于迈阿密海滩北部。是旅游胜地和老年退休人员的社区，有各种轻工业。人口121,697
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7 n; E) [) {5 s/ bCalifornia
" r3 y, u7 M. [5 q0 w, S T2 u- |. PCal.i.for.nia
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缩写 CA,Cal.,
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Calif.A state of the western United States on the Pacific Ocean. It was admitted as the 31st state in 1850. The area was colonized by the Spanish and formally ceded to the United States by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 48). California is often called the Golden State because of its sunny climate and the discovery of gold during its pioneering days. Sacramento is the capital and Los Angeles the largest city. Population, 29,839,250.
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加利福尼亚：美国西部靠近太平洋的一个州。1850年被收纳为第三十一个州。这个区域是西班牙的殖民地，后按瓜达卢佩一伊达尔戈条约回归美国（1848年）。由于其阳光明媚的气候，并在拓荒年代发现了金矿，加利福尼亚常被称为金色之州。萨克拉门托是其首府，洛杉矶是其最大城市。人口29,839,250
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. ^( [5 P9 x _7 fLos Angeles
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Los An.ge.les
1 o6 U* x' u! U' ]& a$ [缩写 L.A.,LAA
a0 O% p. G- @9 T5 {$ @city of southern California on the Pacific Ocean in a widespread metropolitan area. The so-called City of the Angels was founded by the Spanish in 1781 and served several times as a colonial capital. Its real growth began after the coming of the railroads in the 1870's and 1880's and the discovery of oil in the 1890's. Today it is a major shipping, manufacturing, communications, financial, and distribution center noted for its entertainment industry. Population, 3,485,398.
' D7 g- V, r f6 I. K# F( B7 o洛杉矶：美国加利福尼亚州南部一城市，位于一大片都市地区中，太平洋沿岸。所谓的天使之城由西班牙人于1781年建立，并几次作为殖民地首府。19世纪70,80年代铁路修通和90年代在该地区发现石油后，该城开始真正的成长。如今是一个重要的造船业、制造业、通讯、金融和集散中心，其娱乐业尤为著名。人口3,485,398
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Passage 92
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! Y) ^ K8 t) P There are only a few clues in the rock record about climate in the Proterozoic eon. Much of our information about climate in the more recent periods of geologic history comes from the fossil record, because we have a reasonably good understanding of the types of environment in which many fossil organisms flourished. The scarce fossils of the Proterozoic ,mostly single-celled bacteria ,provide little evidence in this regard. However, the rocks themselves do include the earliest evidence for glaciation , probably a global ice age.
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The inference that some types of sedimentary rocks are the result of glacial activity is based on the principle of uniformitarianism ,which posits that natural processes now at work on and within the Earth operated in the same manner in the distant past . The deposits associated with present-day glaciers have been well studied, and some of their characteristics are quite distinctive. In 2.3-billion-year-old rocks in Canada near Lake Huron(dating from the early part of the Proterozoic age), there are thin laminae of fine-grained sediments that resemble varves, the annual layers of sediment deposited in glacial lakes. Typically ,present-day varves show two-layered annual cycle, one layer corresponding to the rapid ice melting and sediment transport of the summer season ,and the other ,finer-grained, layer corresponding to slower winter deposition. Although it is not easy to discern such details in the Proterozoic examples, they are almost certainly glacial varves. These fine-grained, layered sediments even contain occasional large pebbles or “dropstones ,” a characteristic feature of glacial environments where coarse material is sometimes carried on floating ice and dropped far from its source ,into otherwise very fine grained sediment. Glacial sediments of about the same age as those in Canada have been found in other parts of North America and in Africa, India and Europe. This indicates that the glaciation was global, and that for a period of time in the early Proterozoic the Earth was gripped in an ice age.
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Following the early Proterozoic glaciation ,however ,the climate appears to have been fairly benign for a very long time. There is no evidence for glaciation for the next 1.5billion years or so. Then ,suddenly ,the rock record indicates a series of glacial episodes between about 850 and 600 million year age ,near the end of the Proterozoic eon.
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本帖最后由 SufferSong 于 2008-2-23 10:44 编辑 ]
