相对于其它部分而言，新托福的阅读部分变化相对来说与现行的托福考试相比是最小的。下面我就现行托福与新托福的变化与区别进行详细的分析，并就新托福如何突破的问题进行解析。
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一、新托福与现行托福区别
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- x4 ~" b. G0 ~* c" A5 h小马过河（一）宏观比较
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3 j' i! x# [3 x小马过河现行的TOEFL阅读部分包括5篇文章，共50道题，时间为55分钟，每篇文章的长度一般为30行，字数在350字左右。也就是说，平均读完一篇文章并做完后面的题大约需要10分钟的时间。而且现行托福阅读部分所出的所有题目都为选择题，而且答案只有一个正确。
' O5 Y' [4 |4 w) }6 e: d9 D" f小马过河下面我们看一看ETS对2006年5月新托福阅读部分的要求：
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' z1 _" x8 Q6 [' e$ D4 j) k. _Reading Section Directions
TOEFL,IBT,托福,新托福,机经,小马过河,留学,美国,海外, m. N. @$ y+ ]& T8 p
In this section you will read three passages and answer reading comprehension questions about each passage. Most questions are worth one point, but the last question in each set is worth more than one point. The directions indicate how many points you may receive.TOEFL,IBT,托福,新托福,机经,小马过河,留学,美国,海外$ m8 X2 |( }5 F
You will have 60 minutes to read all of the passages and answer the questions. Some passages include a word or phrase that is underlined in blue. Click on the word or phrase to see a definition or an explanation.
6 J5 v: R( ^4 R0 Mwww.xiaomaguohe.netWhen you want to move on to the next question, click on Next. You can skip questions and go back to them later as long as long as there is time remaining. If you want to return to previous questions, click on Back. You can click on Review at any time and the review screen will show you which questions you have answered and which you have not. From this review screen, you may go directly to any question you have already seen in the reading section. [小马过河-新托福专业备考社区]0 e' z8 Q( h5 b( g5 F! C
When you are ready to continue, click on the Dismiss Directions icon.
& d0 o" y6 s& v [小马过河-新托福专业备考社区]也就是说，新托福要求我们在60分钟之内读完三篇文章，每篇文章后面大约有12－13道题，总的题目数量大约在39道左右。而且每篇文章的最后一题会是多项选择题。为了使新托福和现行托福的比较更加突出，我们看下面这个简单表格。
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| 现行托福阅读 小马过河-新托福专业备考社区2 ^3 v0 e8 }) A. I: O( V6 ]$ q P
| 2005年9月新托福阅读
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形式
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| 机考
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时间
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$ i8 M7 K1 E4 K1 [小马过河 | 60分钟www.xiaomaguohe.net/ W4 A: f; _( y, E" u6 U& }
|
文章
' ]) n! W2 Q3 B I! x6 ^6 N# L- E& F小马过河-新托福专业备考社区 | 5篇www.xiaomaguohe.net y" G# W" U' R: Y a2 V
| 3-5篇
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题目
& J9 V3 e& Z! d1 a: _8 g | 50道
( B. Y1 X: B2 \* k* i u小马过河 | 每篇文章12－14道小马过河: r7 H$ x# X V. K8 O% P" b6 ?9 a
|
题型
, @) F& Q) [% G8 d* k, ?5 @' `% J6 a$ Xwww.xiaomaguohe.net | 全部为单选题 [小马过河-新托福专业备考社区]7 q8 G# K6 `/ D1 ~2 `/ a( c
| 有多项选择题+ O* b+ ^& o0 m* S! N
|
别外还有一点需要特别关注的是，因为新托福考试是机考，与其他机考不同的是，新托福的阅读考试中，考生可以随时检查自己有哪些题目是当时跳过未完成的，并可以随时回去重新做那些已经做好了的题目。
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$ C' P3 O1 r G+ l, wwww.xiaomaguohe.net（二）阅读文章比较
" z8 q0 r, j& g7 ~+ o/ ~1 { [小马过河-新托福专业备考社区]
* u$ N% R3 G7 x$ b7 O% D* X5 E2 L' l8 h' ewww.xiaomaguohe.net新托福和现行的阅读文章相比，单从文章的难易程度上来说，并没有什么变化，但是最大的区别在于新的托福考试比现行托福考试的文章更长了。我们先看一个现行托福考试阅读文章的例子：小马过河& l8 p5 i9 T3 s1 n4 L& b
5 \0 R" P+ K0 ~5 r& @6 b9 T [小马过河-新托福专业备考社区]The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the American
colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter.
& F2 r5 J+ q6 ]" U+ x+ \TOEFL,IBT,托福,新托福,机经,小马过河,留学,美国,海外In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present (Line)
: j+ W4 N) ?- v* q* MTOEFL,IBT,托福,新托福,机经,小马过河,留学,美国,海外urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed
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to mature urbanism’s in little more than a century.
' z+ b7 S$ Y& l) c* uIn the early colonial day in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic
Coastline, mostly in what are now New America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic
United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural
because these areas were nearest England and France, particularly England, from which
1 b1 n* W) J/ I3 V小马过河(10 ) most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported
Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities
) g8 [' X; U* ~- [5 }from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the
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favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New
( Z1 v6 v/ M/ aYork, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities
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(15)小马过河0 j* }: T4 ? `$ w4 _
increased in importance.
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% Q, ~( J8 E: o X3 t小马过河This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the towns. The plantations
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1 d! s' @; x# d! T* Q4 x+ |2 Cwww.xiaomaguohe.netmaintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each
had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day. In face, one of the strongest
factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have it front on a water
highway.
& E7 a' r3 ^& x, lWhen the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a
(25) single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries, that cities started drawing young people away from farms. Such migration was particularly rapid following the Civil War (1861-1865).
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! y2 W: ?7 b) b. Dwww.xiaomaguohe.net我们再看一篇ETS给出的新托福阅读样题的例子：
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$ ?3 Z8 I8 u" u a5 d4 m4 ^# w, z8 v) YOpportunists and Competitors
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) n% m; s! [4 S, ?' ]TOEFL,IBT,托福,新托福,机经,小马过河,留学,美国,海外 [小马过河-新托福专业备考社区]9 o: V" k1 }+ o* r) p" U, P
Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to
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expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of
2 x* L6 ^% I- v7 Lwww.xiaomaguohe.netbudgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of one’s money is spent on
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clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly,
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a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none
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would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.
! U& K6 S4 t+ N$ w8 zTOEFL,IBT,托福,新托福,机经,小马过河,留学,美国,海外
6 w `, q4 w# k& U. Y5 [1 S9 C+ u小马过河-新托福专业备考社区All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance,
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and storage. No choice is involved; this allocation comes as part of the genetic
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package from the parents. Maintenance for a given body design of an
( @! [4 d( R; q" k6 t. F小马过河-新托福专业备考社区organism is relatively constant. Storage is important, but ultimately that energy
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will be used for maintenance, reproduction, or growth. Therefore the principal
TOEFL,IBT,托福,新托福,机经,小马过河,留学,美国,海外* ]3 R* E4 g* p% \2 ~6 C
differences in energy allocation are likely to be between growth and reproduction.
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Almost all of an organism’s energy can be diverted to reproduction, with very
& `! ] Z( N5 u. i小马过河-新托福专业备考社区little allocated to building the body. Organisms at this extreme are
! w2 M3 |4 c+ U r: T6 e+ W% ?TOEFL,IBT,托福,新托福,机经,小马过河,留学,美国,海外“opportunists.” At the other extreme are “competitors,” almost all of whose
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resources are invested in building a huge body, with a bare minimum allocated
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to reproduction.
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- u% a# w+ _1 Z/ W k小马过河Dandelions are good examples of opportunists. Their seed-heads raised just
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high enough above the ground to catch the wind, the plants are no bigger than
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they need be, their stems are hollow, and all the rigidity comes from their water
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content. Thus, a minimum investment has been made in the body that
5 f% E3 `: W- D1 n4 \6 f小马过河becomes a platform for seed dispersal. These very short-lived plants
( K! [, m$ M G; [' W+ Y5 j8 L小马过河-新托福专业备考社区reproduce prolifically; that is to say they provide a constant rain of seed in the
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neighborhood of parent plants. A new plant will spring up wherever a seed falls
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on a suitable soil surface, but because they do not build big bodies, they
9 e: R! Y2 k( p# Mcannot compete with other plants for space, water, or sunlight. These plants
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are termed opportunists because they rely on their seeds’ falling into settings
+ g' P- R9 b: p F) @$ O3 ~, owhere competing plants have been removed by natural processes, such as
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along an eroding riverbank, on landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a
$ J$ O$ W8 E5 `7 Mwww.xiaomaguohe.netgap in the forest canopy.
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# X) M. ~1 f/ w/ I' j小马过河-新托福专业备考社区Opportunists must constantly invade new areas to compensate for being
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displaced by more competitive species. Human landscapes of lawns, fields,
) Y: \' C' F* j小马过河-新托福专业备考社区or flowerbeds provide settings with bare soil and a lack of competitors that are
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perfect habitats for colonization by opportunists. Hence, many of the
6 p d% v" h, Q p) W/ M! P! t5 l9 mstrongly opportunistic plants are the common weeds of fields and gardens.
) h& N: C: v n* o小马过河-新托福专业备考社区Because each individual is short-lived, the population of an opportunist
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species is likely to be adversely affected by drought, bad winters, or floods.
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If their population is tracked through time, it will be seen to be particularly
+ d8 X L4 p( U3 j$ l1 o$ a# h* gwww.xiaomaguohe.netunstable—soaring and plummeting in irregular cycles.
* [- A8 y) Y2 {9 U1 x9 U小马过河-新托福专业备考社区 www.xiaomaguohe.net# x9 q( d- g- v7 @8 d) ~+ |0 n8 Z9 d
The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. These organisms tend to
; [2 t. t; d, x M0 x& Z" j7 ]* pTOEFL,IBT,托福,新托福,机经,小马过河,留学,美国,海外have big bodies, are long-lived, and spend relatively little effort each year
7 _0 d, n4 h* _' G+ {5 P9 g小马过河on reproduction. An oak tree is a good example of a competitor. A massive oak
0 q7 Q0 g. i8 @. G+ U2 O2 r小马过河-新托福专业备考社区claims its ground for 200 years or more, out-competing all other would-be
4 K# q2 E, r& N! K; B) { [小马过河-新托福专业备考社区]canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the
TOEFL,IBT,托福,新托福,机经,小马过河,留学,美国,海外. q. h6 A2 N+ y+ `: g3 \, i; a! ?+ P$ X
soil. The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins,
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a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms.
% C, F. U+ g0 m7 p: x0 I0 L; f$ wThe tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity.
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Although oaks produce thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of
) c7 |& |* G$ M& F+ V, l: Iacorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves, trunk, and
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roots. Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor
% v$ Z7 d& N7 UTOEFL,IBT,托福,新托福,机经,小马过河,留学,美国,海外cycles of drought and even fire. A population of oaks is likely to be relatively
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stable through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to
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withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take
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advantage of chance events. It should be noted, however, that the pure
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opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature, as most species fall between
; l6 \9 B8 g6 V: z小马过河-新托福专业备考社区the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blend of some opportunistic and
8 u$ x$ k+ L) a( _* q4 Z' [) ^www.xiaomaguohe.netsome competitive characteristics.
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从以上的两篇托福阅读文章我们不难看出，从文章的难度上来看，变化并不大，但是很明显的区别在于如下几点：5 Q/ n+ a- {% V$ K% H s: @
从文章上来看：小马过河-新托福专业备考社区$ m+ M, G& d% B/ @* b
1、文章的长度不一样。现行托福的阅读文章长度一般稳定在30行左右，字数在350字左右。而2006年5月新托福的文章长度一般在60行左右，字数在650－700字左右。
$ y% e" f- G% X1 t! b0 Dwww.xiaomaguohe.net2、现行的托福考试ETS比较友好，在文章左边隔5行左右标出了行数，这样就便于考生定位。而2006年以后的新托福文章左边不再给出行数。) J Z2 Y5 t, [! N
3、现行的托福考试文章没有标题，而新托福阅读文章作者在文章开始给出了文章的标题，这样有一个好处，就是便于了解文章的主题。$ G$ r$ y; H- s% }, W8 d k
从出题数量上来看，只有一个变化，就是每篇文章后面的题目数量越来越多了。现行托福文章每篇文章后面平均有10道题，而2006年5月的新托福文章每篇后面平均有13道题左右。当然在题型上新托福和以前的托福相比也有一些变化，具体的变化我会在后面详细讲解。4 \7 A& O% z* B; B! H# ^
从以上的例子，我们不难看出，新托福和现行托福相比阅读部分的区别在于文章越来越长了，文章后面的题目越来越多了。他细想一想，这个变化是合理的，因为考托福的人将来都要去国外留学读本科或者研究生，而在学习期间学生要写很多的论文，而论文要写好就需要学生平时在图书馆查大量的资料和图书。而学生所查的资料不可能只有30行左右，所以从这个变化，我们惊喜地看出，ETS的出题越来越科学了，越来越与时俱进了。小马过河-新托福专业备考社区" O' ~2 V5 {( \
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0 B1 f- V" M& ?! ]6 r# q3 N6 G（三）出题特点比较
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现行托福考试的特点是出题顺序与文章顺序大部分一致，有效率为80%左右，也就是说，现行托福阅读文章基本上文章后面出题的顺序与文章的顺序是一致的，但是篇文章后面大概有一至两道题是乱顺序题（即出题顺序与文章顺序不一致），平均一套题大约有10道题左右是乱顺序题。
5 J2 l# Q0 v( q( P& M小马过河而新托福阅读理解的特点是出题顺序与文章顺序基本一致，也就是说，文章后面的出题顺序与文章的顺序基本上是一致的，基本上不会在文章中出现乱顺序题。这一点更加有利于考生。因为托福阅读题所谓的难题就是不好定位的题，比如说现行托福阅读文章中的乱顺序题，因为它的顺序与文章的顺序是不一致的，因此它的答案出处在文章中就不好定位，所以寻找它的答案出处对考生就构成了障碍。而新托福阅读文章的出题顺序与文章顺序基本一致，所以按照这个规律就可以把每道题出题的大致顺序进行定位。
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（四）题型比较
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& ~) q1 _" p" p# b; ?4 KTOEFL,IBT,托福,新托福,机经,小马过河,留学,美国,海外现行托福阅读常考的题型大概有14种，分别为词汇题、细节题、推理题、主题题、指代题、结构题、结论题、列举题、举例说明概述题、下定义题、行数段落题、作者观点和态度题、前文延续及后文延续题等10多种题型。其中以词汇题、细节题、推理题、主题题、考的最多，按百分比来说，词汇题约占30%，也就是说现行托福考试阅读部分50道题中，词汇题每次都要考15道左右。细节题考的数量紧次于词汇题，大约占25%，推理题约占15%，主题题10%，这几种题型加在一起约占总题量的80%。
/ B' h \ o' X0 {; ETOEFL,IBT,托福,新托福,机经,小马过河,留学,美国,海外而新托福阅读理解所常考的题型大约也有10多种，分别为词汇题、细节题、插入句子题、多选题、推理题、举例说明概述题、突出句子解释题、列举题、结构题、指代题、作者观点态度题和下定义题。其中插入句子题、突出句子解释题为现行托福考试没有考过的新题型，而多选主题题是对现行托福考试主题题的变体。按百分比来说，在这10多种题型中，其中词汇题考的最多，大约每套题39道题中要考10道，约占总题量的26%，细节题约占23%，推理题一共要考4－5道，约占总题量的12%，多选题在每篇文章的最后一题出现，一共要考3道，约点总题量的8%，但是需要注意的是每道题分值为2至4分。插入句子题每篇文章都要考一道，总共考3道，约点总题量的8%。举例说明概述题这种题型每次考试要考3道左右，约占总题量的8%。这几种题型加在一起，要占总题量的85%。www.xiaomaguohe.net- F- t) Q% Y# e+ v( s' K6 i2 L! p
由以上可以看出，新托福所考的题型现行托福相比，有以下几点不同：
4 B5 I( C# f& ^- e- dTOEFL,IBT,托福,新托福,机经,小马过河,留学,美国,海外1、现行托福阅读理解部分所考的行数段落题、前文和后文延续题在新托福考试中不再考。仔细想一想不难理解，现行托福考试中的行数段落题相对来说比较简单，而新托福的趋势肯定越来越科学，越来越合理，所以新托福中不再考查。另外，因为现行托福阅读文章篇幅较短，基本上都是从一篇长文章中的节选，所以现行托福考试中会出现前文和后文延续题，而新托福阅读文章都比较长，而且文章有题目，是一篇完整的文章，所以新托福中也就不再前文和后文延续题。小马过河-新托福专业备考社区8 a- U( I5 [. N
2、新托福新增加了插入句子题、突出句子（highlighted sentence）解释题和多项选择题型。/ B- c7 T* P4 l1 t
插入句子题是文章中有4个“■”，然后题目给你一句话，问你这句话应该插在文章中哪一个所标“■”的地方。一般题干是这样的：Look at the four squares [■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
, d- @! l- R$ Q4 a小马过河-新托福专业备考社区突出句子解释题是文章中有一句话是比较突出的，然后题目给你4句话，问你哪一句话最好地表达了突出句子的意思。这种题型一般题干是这样的：Which of the sentence below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?......
& M! O( Z9 h0 d9 g小马过河-新托福专业备考社区多项选择题。此题出现在每篇文章的最后一题，从样题看有两种设计方式：一是给出一个对文章内容进行小结的概述性句子，要求考生从所提供的6个选项中选择3个表达文章重要观点的概述性句子，从而完成对文章的概括（有点类似于现行托福考试中的主题题型，只不过为多选）。一般错误选项包括与原文内容无关的表达和非重要观点表达。这种题型的题目分值为2分。二是题干中要求考生对某些细节内容进行阅读分析，从7个选项中选择5个符合所要求的细节内容。错误选项通常为与要求细节无关的内容。这种题型分值为3分。
* x; E! Y$ Z e; E! z6 p小马过河-新托福专业备考社区4、新托福考试中词汇题、细节题、推理题、多选题和举例说明概述题这5种题型所占比重最大，约占总题量的85%。词汇题考词汇量和对单词的理解、细节题和突出句子解释题考对文章句子的理解、插入句子题考对文章上下文逻辑关系的理解、多选题考对文章主题和细节的把握。这5种题型之所以在新托福阅读中占的比重最大，因为这几种题型最能反映考生的阅读水平。www.xiaomaguohe.net5 Q6 \, Y# U" w* ]$ c9 \- v
0 l) T, \& e+ _- V二、如何准备新托福阅读理解
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新托福的阅读理解部分虽然与现行托福考试阅读理解部分相比变化不是很大，但从上面的分析我们可以看出，新托福的阅读文章现行托福考试的阅读文章更难了。但是，只要是考试，它就有规律可以循，就有可以攻克它的方法，我个人认为，攻克新托福阅读理解应该从如下几个方面准备。TOEFL,IBT,托福,新托福,机经,小马过河,留学,美国,海外0 q+ n" T; A+ }2 {3 W# U9 `1 v) t2 c
扩大词汇量
* Q4 _+ N v9 j' T8 ? 众所周知，任何一篇文章都由三部分组成，即词汇、句子和段落。我们做个比喻，如果把一篇托福阅读文章比作一栋大楼的话，那么文章中的每一个词汇相当于构建大楼的每一块砖瓦，文章中的每一句话则相当于大楼的每一面墙，文章中的每一个段落就是大楼的每一层。所以，词汇是阅读文章的基础，没有砖瓦，建不了摩天大厦，没有词汇，则无法构成阅读文章。
% k6 x5 @' d5 g& L提到背单词就有一个单词量的问题。新托福虽然文章变长，但是难度和现行托福考试阅读文章相比并没有很大的提高，因此新托福对于词汇量的要求和现行托福考试是差不多的。现行托福阅读对词汇量的要求大概为8000左右，掌握8000词汇，对于准备新托福单从词汇量上来说，基本就够了。现在新东方书店里有很多有关托福单词的书，具体哪一本好我在这里不做推荐，任选其中一本含托福词汇量在8000左右的书去背就可以了。但是我想说的是，无论选择背哪本TOEFL单词书，选定以后，一定要坚持把它背完，千万不要中途而废。我在授课过程中遇到很多同学，他们买了好几本TOEFL单词的书，但是没有一本是完完整整全背完的，这样既浪费钱财，又没有效率。而TOEFL词汇又是整个阅读的基础，如果单词量不够，攻克TOEFL阅读也就成为无源之水，无本之木。另外，还要注意，背单词的时间不能太长，一定集中精力晚睡早起在30天之内把单词搞定。
( m5 p( m; u& ~! t2 D1 [2 ~; O小马过河-新托福专业备考社区熟悉新托福阅读题型和特点
8 i, }/ W( L: n2 l前面讲过，新托福阅读题型和现行托福阅读题型有一些区别，具体来说新托福阅读新增加了几种我们在现行托福考试中没有见过的题型，即插入句子题、突出句子（highlighted sentence）解释题和多项选择题。这几种题型虽然我们以前没有见过，但是这几种题型也有它相应的规律，具体的这几新题型应该如何做，我们在新东方课堂上会做详细的分析。
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9 | Z E( C2 P* \/ s5 iTOEFL,IBT,托福,新托福,机经,小马过河,留学,美国,海外多读文章，增强实力
' Q; t0 c t" w; G. U [小马过河-新托福专业备考社区]新托福的阅读文章比现行托福考试的文章长了近一辈，这就要求我们首先要有一个良好的阅读基础和阅读能力。所以我建议考生平时要在课下多读一些长文章，而且题材要尽量广泛。因为无论是现行托福还是新托福阅读文章的背景非常广泛，天文、地理、物理、化学、生物、医学、动物、历史、文化、教育、考古、艺术等都会涉及到，这就要求我们在课下平时多积累相关的知识，可以推荐大家课下多看看《国家地理杂志》和《DISCOVERY》，既可以扩大知识面，也是新托福阅读非常好的材料。
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$ A) {) L+ b; Y0 T- I& r5 v9 z小马过河最后需要说明一点的是准备新托福一定要有一个良好的心态，我们不要把新托福阅读当成一种考试、一种负担，而要以积极的心态去面对它，这样你不仅阅读水平会提高，更会培养你对阅读的兴趣，爱因斯坦说，兴趣是最好的老师。
: v' v B( L" t8 }( x, v- ]" s小马过河-新托福专业备考社区除了良好的心态外，信心也是攻克新托福阅读甚至新托福考试的关键。无论做什么事，如果你自信自己能做好，你也就真的做好了。新托福考试亦如此，如果你自信能把它考好并付诸实际行动，你一定能考好，如果连自己都怀疑，你肯定考不好。
